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We investigated the prevalence and transmission of NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples of geese and environmental samples from a goose farm in southern China. The samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with meropenem. Individual colonies were examined for bla  NDM , and bla  NDM -positive bacteria were characterized based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platforms. Of 117 samples analyzed, the carriage rates for New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-positive Enterobacteriaceae were 47.1, 18, and 50% in geese, inanimate environments (sewage, soil, fodder, and dust), and mouse samples, respectively. Two variants ( bla  NDM-1 and bla  NDM-5 , in 4 and 40 isolates, respectively) were found among 44 bla  NDM -positive Enterobacteriaceae ; these variants belonged to eight species, and Escherichia coli was the most prevalent (50%). WGS analysis revealed that bla  NDM coexisted with diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Population structure analysis showed that most E. coli and Enterobacter sp. isolates were highly heterogeneous, while most Citrobacter sp. and P. stuartii isolates possessed extremely high genetic similarities. In addition, bla  NDM-5 -positive ST4358/ST48 E. coli isolates were found to be clonally spread between geese and the environment and were highly genetically similar to those reported from ducks, farm environments, and humans in China. Plasmid analysis indicated that IncX3 pHNYX644-1-like ( n  = 40) and untypeable pM2-1-like plasmids ( n  = 4) mediated bla  NDM spread. pM2-1-like plasmids possessed diverse ARGs, including bla  NDM-1 , the arsenical and mercury resistance operons, and the maltose operon. Our findings revealed that the goose farm is a reservoir for NDM-positive Enterobacteriaceae The bla  NDM contamination of wild mice and the novel pM2-1-like plasmid described here likely adds to the risk for dissemination of bla  NDM and associated resistance genes. IMPORTANCE Carbapenem-resistant bacteria, in particular NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae , have become a great threat to global public. These bacteria have been found not only in hospital and community environments but also among food animal production chains, which are recognized as reservoirs for NDM-producing Enterobacteriaceae However, the dissemination of NDM-producing bacteria in waterfowl farms has been less well explored. Our study demonstrates that the horizontal spread of bla  NDM -carrying plasmids and the partial clonal spread of bla  NDM -positive Enterobacteriaceae contribute to the widespread contamination of bla  NDM in the goose farm ecosystem, including mice. Furthermore, we found a novel and transferable bla  NDM-1 -carrying multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmid that possessed multiple environmental adaptation-related genes. The outcomes of this study contribute to a better understanding of the prevalence and transmission of bla  NDM -carrying Enterobacteriaceae among diverse niches in the farm ecosystem.

applied and environmental microbiology

Occurrence and Transmission of bla NDM -Carrying Enterobacteriaceae from Geese and the Surrounding Environment on a Commercial Goose Farm