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The anti-Candida activity of the innate defense protein human lactoferrin was investigated. Lactoferrin displayed a clear fungicidal effect against Candida albicans only under low-strength conditions. This candidacidal activity was inversely correlated with the extracellular concentration of the monovalent cations and was prevented by Na(+) and K(+) (&gt; or 30 mM) and by divalent cations (Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) at &gt; or 4 mM). A slight cellular release of K(+), cytosolic acidification, and a change in the membrane potential were observed in C. albicans cells treated with lactoferrin, suggesting that this protein directly or indirectly interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane. Mitochondrial inhibitors (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol, azide, and antimycin) as well as anaerobic conditions significantly reduced the killing effect of lactoferrin. These results suggest that low-strength conditions and the cellular metabolic state may modulate the candidacidal activity of human lactoferrin.

antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Modulation of In Vitro Fungicidal Activity of Human Lactoferrin against<i>Candida albicans</i>by Extracellular Cation Concentration and Target Cell Metabolic Activity

Modulation of In Vitro Fungicidal Activity of Human Lactoferrin againstCandida albicansby Extracellular Cation Concentration and Target Cell Metabolic Activity