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The CCR5 chemokine receptor plays a pivotal role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Several studies have suggested that CCR5 density levels in individuals are rate limiting for infection. In addition, CCR5 density levels influence the antiviral activity of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20) against R5 strains. In the present study we demonstrate that rapamycin (RAPA), a drug approved for the treatment of renal transplantation rejection, reduces CCR5 density levels on CD4 T cells and inhibits R5 HIV-1 replication. In addition, RAPA increased the antiviral activity of T-20 against R5 strains of the virus in a cell-cell fusion assay and as shown by quantification of early products of viral reverse transcription. Median-effect analysis of drug interaction between RAPA and T-20 in infectivity assays using donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that the RAPA-T-20 combination is synergistic against R5 strains of HIV-1 and this synergy translates into T-20 dose reductions of up to approximately 33-fold. Importantly, RAPA effects on replication levels and T-20 susceptibility of R5 strains of HIV-1 were observed at drug concentrations that did not inhibit cell proliferation. These results suggest that low concentrations of RAPA may potentiate the antiviral activity of T-20 against R5 strains of HIV-1, which are generally present throughout the course of infection and are less sensitive to T-20 inhibition than are X4 strains.

antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Rapamycin Reduces CCR5 Density Levels on CD4 T Cells, and This Effect Results in Potentiation of Enfuvirtide (T-20) against R5 Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro