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Bacterial biofilms are difficult to treat using available antimicrobial agents, so new antibiofilm strategies are needed. We previously showed that 20, 200, and 2,000 μA of electrical current reduced bacterial biofilms ofStaphylococcus aureus ,Staphylococcus epidermidis , andPseudomonas aeruginosa . Here, we tested continuous direct current at lower amperages, intermittent direct current, and combinations of surface materials (Teflon or titanium) and electrode compositions (stainless steel, graphite, titanium, or platinum) againstS. aureus ,S. epidermidis , andP. aeruginosa biofilms. In addition, we tested 200 or 2,000 μA for 1 and 4 days against biofilms of 33 strains representing 13 species of microorganisms. The logarithmic reduction factor was used to measure treatment effects. Using continuous current delivery, the lowest active amperage was 2 μA for 1, 4, or 7 days againstP. aeruginosa and 5 μA for 7 days againstS. epidermidis andS. aureus biofilms. Delivery of 200 μA for 4 h a day over 4 days reducedP. aeruginosa ,S. aureus , andS. epidermidis biofilms on Teflon or titanium discs. A reduction ofP. aeruginosa ,S. aureus , andS. epidermidis biofilms was measured for 23 of 24 combinations of surface materials and electrode compositions tested. Four days of direct current delivery reduced biofilms of 25 of 33 strains studied. In conclusion, low-amperage current or 4 h a day of intermittent current delivered using a variety of electrode compositions reducedP. aeruginosa ,S. aureus , andS. epidermidis biofilms on a variety of surface materials. The electricidal effect was observed against a majority of bacterial species studied.

Antibiofilm Activity of Low-Amperage Continuous and Intermittent Direct Electrical Current