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This study further evaluated thein vitro andin vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori activities and potential underlying mechanism of patchouli alcohol (PA), a tricyclic sesquiterpene. In thein vitro assay, the capacities of PA to inhibit and killH. pylori were tested on three standard strains at different pH values and on 12 clinical isolates. The effects of PA onH. pylori adhesion (and itsalpA ,alpB , andbabA genes), motility (and itsflaA andflaB genes), ultrastructure, and flagellation were investigated. Moreover, theH. pylori resistance to and postantibiotic effect (PAE) of PA were determined. Furthermore, thein vivo effects of PA onH. pylori eradication and gastritis were examined. Results showed that MICs of PA against three standard strains (pH 5.3 to 9) and 12 clinical isolates were 25 to 75 and 12.5 to 50 μg/ml, respectively. The killing kinetics of PA were time and concentration dependent, and its minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 25 to 75 μg/ml. In addition,H. pylori adhesion, motility, ultrastructure, and flagellation were significantly suppressed. PA also remarkably inhibited the expression of adhesion genes (alpA andalpB ) and motility genes (flaA andflaB ). Furthermore, PA treatment caused a longer PAE and less bacterial resistance than clarithromycin and metronidazole. Thein vivo study showed that PA can effectively eradicateH. pylori , inhibit gastritis, and suppress the expression of inflammatory mediators (COX-2, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]). In conclusion, PA can efficiently killH. pylori , interfere with its infection process, and attenuate gastritis with less bacterial resistance, making it a potential candidate for new drug development.

antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Antibacterial Activities of Patchouli Alcohol, a Naturally Occurring Tricyclic Sesquiterpene, against Helicobacter pylori Infection

In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of Patchouli Alcohol, a Naturally Occurring Tricyclic Sesquiterpene, against Helicobacter pylori Infection