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Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen, and previous studies revealed thatCampylobacter isolates from food-producing animals are increasingly resistant to gentamicin in China. The molecular epidemiology and genetic mechanisms responsible for gentamicin resistance in China have not been well understood. In this study, 607Campylobacter isolates of chicken and swine origins collected in 2014 were analyzed, revealing that 15.6% (25/160) of theCampylobacter jejuni isolates and 79.9% (357/447) of theCampylobacter coli isolates were resistant to gentamicin. PCR detection of the gentamicin resistance genes indicated thataph(2″)-If was more prevalent than the previously identifiedaacA/aphD gene and has become the dominant gentamicin resistance determinant inCampylobacter . Transformation and whole-genome sequencing as well as long-range PCR discovered thataph(2″)-If was located on a chromosomal segment inserted between two conserved genes, Cj0299 andpanB . Cloning ofaph(2″)-If into gentamicin-susceptibleC. jejuni NCTC 11168 confirmed its function in conferring high-level resistance to gentamicin and kanamycin. Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested that both regional expansion of a particular clone and horizontal transmission were involved in the dissemination of theaph(2″)-If gene inCampylobacter . To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the high prevalence of a chromosomally encodedaph(2″)-If gene inCampylobacter . The high prevalence and predominance of this gene might be driven by the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics in food animal production in China and potentially compromise the usefulness of gentamicin as a therapeutic agent forCampylobacter -associated systemic infection.

High Prevalence and Predominance of the aph(2″)-If Gene Conferring Aminoglycoside Resistance in Campylobacter