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The successful electricity grid integration of solar energy into day-ahead markets requires at least hourly\udresolved 48 h forecasts. Technologies as photovoltaics and non-concentrating solar thermal technologies\udmake use of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecasts, while all concentrating technologies both from\udthe photovoltaic and the thermal sector require direct normal irradiances (DNI). The European Centre for\udMedium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has recently changed towards providing direct as well as\udglobal irradiances. Additionally, theMACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition & Climate) near-real time\udservices provide daily analysis and forecasts of aerosol properties in preparation of the upcoming European\udCopernicus programme. The operational ECMWF/IFS (Integrated Forecast System) forecast system will\udin the medium term profit from the Copernicus service aerosol forecasts. Therefore, within the MACC-II\udproject specific experiment runs were performed allowing for the assessment of the performance gain of these\udpotential future capabilities. Also the potential impact of providing forecasts with hourly output resolution\udcompared to three-hourly resolved forecasts is investigated. The inclusion of the new aerosol climatology in\udOctober 2003 improved both the GHI and DNI forecasts remarkably, while the change towards a new radiation\udscheme in 2007 only had minor and partly even unfavourable impacts on the performance indicators. For GHI,\udlarger RMSE (root mean square error) values are found for broken/overcast conditions than for scattered\udcloud fields. For DNI, the findings are opposite with larger RMSE values for scattered clouds compared\udto overcast/broken cloud situations. The introduction of direct irradiances as an output parameter in the\udoperational IFS version has not resulted in a general performance improvement with respect to biases and\udRMSE compared to the widely used Skartveit et al. (1998) global to direct irradiance conversion scheme.\udCloudy situations and especially thin ice cloud cases are forecasted much better with respect to biases and\udRMSE, but large biases are introduced in clear sky cases. When applying the MACC aerosol scheme to\udinclude aerosol direct effects, an improvement especially in DNI biases is found for cloud free cases as\udexpected. However, a performance decrease is found for water cloud cases. It is assumed that this is caused\udby the lack of an explicit modelling of cloud-aerosol interactions, while other meteorological forcings for\udcloud processes like the temperature field are modified by the aerosols

Verification of ECMWF and ECMWF/MACC's global and direct irradiance forecasts with respect to solar electricity production forecasts