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Quantum gases of light, as photons or polariton condensates in opticalmicrocavities, are collective quantum systems enabling a tailoring ofdissipation from e.g. cavity loss. This makes them a tool to study dissipativephases, an emerging subject in quantum manybody physics. Here we experimentallydemonstrate a non-Hermitian phase transition of a photon Bose-Einsteincondensate to a new dissipative phase, characterized by a biexponential decayof the condensate's second-order coherence. The phase transition occurs due tothe emergence of an exceptional point in the quantum gas. While Bose-Einsteincondensation is usually connected to ordinary lasing by a smooth crossover, theobserved phase transition separates the novel, biexponential phase from bothlasing and an intermediate, oscillatory condensate regime. Our findings pavethe way for studies of a wide class of dissipative quantum phases, for instancein topological or lattice systems.

Observation of a non-Hermitian phase transition in an optical quantum gas