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Strongly correlated materials that exhibit an insulator-metal transition arekey candidates in the search for new computing platforms. Understanding thepathways and timescales underlying the electrically-driven insulator-metaltransition is crucial for uncovering the fundamental limits of deviceoperation. Using stroboscopic electron diffraction, we perform synchronizedtime-resolved measurements of atomic motions and electronic transport inoperating vanadium dioxide switches. We discover an electrically-triggered,isostructural state that forms transiently on microsecond timescales,stabilized by local heterogeneities and interfacial interactions between theequilibrium phases. This metastable phase bears striking similarity to thatformed under photoexcitation within picoseconds, suggesting a universaltransformation pathway across eight orders of magnitude of timescale. Ourresults establish a new route for uncovering non-equilibrium and metastablephases in correlated materials, and open avenues for engineering noveldynamical behavior in nanoelectronics.

Universal phase dynamics in VO2 switches revealed by ultrafast operando diffraction