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Because global topological properties are robust against local perturbations,understanding and manipulating the topological properties of physical systemsis essential in advancing quantum science and technology. For quantumcomputation, topologically protected qubit operations can increasecomputational robustness, and for metrology the quantized Hall effect directlydefines the von Klitzing constant. Fundamentally, topological order isgenerated by singularities called topological defects in extended spaces, andis quantified in terms of Chern numbers, each of which measures different sortsof fields traversing surfaces enclosing these topological singularities. Here,inspired by high energy theories, we describe our synthesis andcharacterization of a singularity present in non-Abelian gauge theories - aYang monopole - using atomic Bose-Einstein condensates in a five-dimensionalspace, and quantify the monopole in terms of Chern numbers measured onenclosing manifolds. While the well-known 1st Chern number vanished, the 2ndChern number, measured for the first time in any physical settings, did not. Bydisplacing the manifold, we then observed a phase transition from "topological"to "trivial" as the monopole left the manifold.

Observation of a non-Abelian Yang Monopole: From New Chern Numbers to a Topological Transition