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Ultraluminous x-ray sources (ULXs) in nearby galaxies shine brighter than anyX-ray source in our Galaxy. ULXs are usually modeled as stellar-mass blackholes (BHs) accreting at very high rates or intermediate-mass BHs. We presentobservations showing that NGC5907 ULX is instead an x-ray accreting neutronstar (NS) with a spin period evolving from 1.43~s in 2003 to 1.13~s in 2014. Ithas an isotropic peak luminosity of about 1000 times the Eddington limit for aNS at 17.1~Mpc. Standard accretion models fail to explain its luminosity, evenassuming beamed emission, but a strong multipolar magnetic field can describeits properties. These findings suggest that other extreme ULXs (x-rayluminosity > 10^{41} erg/s) might harbor NSs.

An accreting pulsar with extreme properties drives an ultraluminous x-ray source in NGC 5907