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Compact elliptical galaxies form a rare class of stellar system (~30presently known) characterized by high stellar densities and small sizes andoften harboring metal-rich stars. They were thought to form through tidalstripping of massive progenitors, until two isolated objects were discoveredwhere massive galaxies performing the stripping could not be identified. Bymining astronomical survey data, we have now found 195 compact ellipticalgalaxies in all types of environment. They all share similar dynamical andstellar population properties. Dynamical analysis for nonisolated galaxiesdemonstrates the feasibility of their ejection from host clusters and groups bythree-body encounters, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. Hence,isolated compact elliptical and isolated quiescent dwarf galaxies are tidallystripped systems that ran away from their hosts.

Isolated compact elliptical galaxies: Stellar systems that ran away