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formation, were considered by the board as a whole to mnake transformation of this plan essentially not feasible. Again, inasmuch as the canal would probably not be completed and opened within less than ten years on any plan the locks of the minority plan would not be large enough to accommodate ships then afloat if the rate of increase of ships' dimensions during the past ten years should be nearly reached during the next ten. The time estimated by the majority to be required for the building of the sea-level canal is from twelve to thirteen years after making the most abundant allowances for the effects of climate, of the rainy seasons, of the necessary repairs and renewals of plant, of the eight-hour labor day, of the low efficiency of available labor, and without working more than one shift of labor within twenty-fouir hours. It is believed that the investigations of the nmajority show, however, that there is a reasonable probability of a sea-level canal being opened in from one to two years less time than their estimate. The time estinmated by the minority as necessary for the construction of their lock plan was ten to eleven years. As the construction of this plan involves a nmulch higher grade of labor, and a. far larger amount of so-called works of art, such as the locks, involving the making and putting in place of about 3,500,000 cubic yards of concrete, than the sea-level plan, the writer believes that a lock plan with a summit level eighty-five feet above mean tide can be executed in little if any less time than a sea-level plan. The recent dreadful earthquake disaster at San Francisco constitutes the gravest warning in human experience of the advisability of constiucting this canal in such a way as to give it the greatest de,ree of immunity from the results of any convulsion of nature. The isthmnus of Panama is a region of rather frequent earthquakes, but they are not often severe. It would be an act of folly, however, to ignore the lesson of such an appalling catastrophe. The canal which is to be constructed across the Isthmus of Panama should be of such a type as to give the minimum of obstruction either natural or artificial, the greatest degree of safety not only in operation, but from the effects of earthquakes, against the severity of which there is absolutely no insurance wvhatever, and the sea-level is the only type which fulfills these imperative requisites. WM. H. BURR.

science

<i>Archeological Researches in Costa Rica</i> . C. V. Hartman. Stockholm, Ivar Haeggströms Boktryckeri, A.B., 1901. 4°, 195 pp., 488 text illus., 1 map and LXXXVII pls.

Archeological Researches in Costa Rica . C. V. Hartman. Stockholm, Ivar Haeggströms Boktryckeri, A.B., 1901. 4°, 195 pp., 488 text illus., 1 map and LXXXVII pls.