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Relativistic quantum mechanics predicts that when the charge of a superheavyatomic nucleus surpasses a certain threshold, the resulting strong Coulombfield causes an unusual atomic collapse state; this state exhibits an electronwave function component that falls toward the nucleus, as well as a positroncomponent that escapes to infinity. In graphene, where charge carriers behaveas massless relativistic particles, it has been predicted that highly chargedimpurities should exhibit resonances corresponding to these atomic collapsestates. We have observed the formation of such resonances around artificialnuclei (clusters of charged calcium dimers) fabricated on gated graphenedevices via atomic manipulation with a scanning tunneling microscope. Theenergy and spatial dependence of the atomic collapse state measured withscanning tunneling microscopy revealed unexpected behavior when occupied byelectrons.

Observing Atomic Collapse Resonances in Artificial Nuclei on Graphene