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Cosmic rays are the most energetic particles arriving at earth. Although mostof them are thought to be accelerated by supernova remnants, the details of theacceleration process and its efficiency are not well determined. Here we showthat the pressure induced by cosmic rays exceeds the thermal pressure behindthe northeast shock of the supernova remnant RCW 86, where the X-ray emissionis dominated by synchrotron radiation from ultra-relativistic electrons. Wedetermined the cosmic-ray content from the thermal Doppler broadening measuredwith optical spectroscopy, combined with a proper-motion study in X- rays. Themeasured post-shock proton temperature in combination with the shock velocitydoes not agree with standard shock heating, implying that >50% of thepost-shock pressure is produced by cosmic rays.

Measuring the cosmic ray acceleration efficiency of a supernova remnant