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Liquid-liquid phase separation is emerging as a crucial phenomenon in severalfundamental cell processes. A range of eukaryotic systems exhibit liquidcondensates. However, their function in bacteria, which in general lackmembrane-bound compartments, remains less clear. Here, we used high-resolutionoptical microscopy to observe single bacterial aggresomes, nanostructuredintracellular assemblies of proteins, to undercover their role in cell stress.We find that proteins inside aggresomes are mobile and undergo dynamicturnover, consistent with a liquid state. Our observations are in quantitativeagreement with phase-separated liquid droplet formation driven by interactingproteins under thermal equilibrium that nucleate following diffusive collisionsin the cytoplasm. We have discovered aggresomes in multiple species ofbacteria, and show that these emergent, metastable liquid-structured proteinassemblies increase bacterial fitness by enabling cells to tolerateenvironmental stresses.

Membraneless organelles formed by liquid-liquid phase separation increase bacterial fitness