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Ciliary oscillations driven by molecular motors cause fluid motion at micronscale. Stable oscillations require a substantial source of dissipation tobalance the energy input of motors. Conventionally, it stems from externalfluid. We show, in contrast, that external fluid friction is negligiblecompared to internal elastic stress through a simultaneous measurement ofmotion and flow field of an isolated and active Chlamydomonas cilium beatingnear the instability threshold. Consequently, internal friction emerges as thesole source of dissipation for ciliary oscillations. We combine theseexperimental insights with theoretical modeling of active filaments to showthat an instability to oscillations takes place when active stresses are strainsoftening and shear thinning. Together, our results reveal a counterintuitivemechanism of ciliary beating and provide a general experimental and theoreticalmethodology to analyze other active filaments, both biological and syntheticones.

Internal friction controls active ciliary oscillations near the instability threshold