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The ultrafast response of metals to light is governed by intriguingnon-equilibrium dynamics involving the interplay of excited electrons andphonons. The coupling between them gives rise to nonlinear diffusion behavioron ultrashort timescales. Here, we use scanning ultrafast thermo-modulationmicroscopy to image the spatio-temporal hot-electron diffusion in a thin goldfilm. By tracking local transient reflectivity with 20 nm and 0.25 psresolution, we reveal two distinct diffusion regimes, consisting of an initialrapid diffusion during the first few picoseconds after optical excitation,followed by about 100-fold slower diffusion at longer times. We simulate thethermo-optical response of the gold film with a comprehensive three-dimensionalmodel, and identify the two regimes as hot-electron and phonon-limited thermaldiffusion, respectively.

Tracking ultrafast hot-electron diffusion in space and time by ultrafast thermo-modulation microscopy