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Measuring the behavior of redox-active molecules in space and time is crucialfor better understanding of chemical and biological systems and for thedevelopment of new technologies. Optical schemes are non-invasive, scalable andcan be applied to many different systems, but usually have a slow responsecompared to electrical detection methods. Furthermore, many fluorescentmolecules for redox detection degrade in brightness over long exposure times.Here we show that the photoluminescence of pixel arrays of an atomically thintwo-dimensional (2D) material, a monolayer of MoS$_{2}$, can image spatial andtemporal changes in redox molecule concentration in real time. Because of thestrong dependence of MoS$_{2}$ photoluminescence on doping and sensitivity tosurface changes characteristic of 2D materials, changes in the local chemicalpotential significantly modulate the photoluminescence of MoS$_{2}$, with asensitivity of 0.9 mV/$\sqrt{Hz}$ on a 5 $\mu$m by 5 $\mu$m pixel,corresponding to better than parts-per-hundred changes in redox moleculeconcentration down to nanomolar concentrations at 100 ms frame rates. Thereal-time imaging of electrochemical potentials with a fast response timeprovides a new strategy for visualizing chemical reactions and biomoleculeswith a 2D material screen.

MoS$_{2}$ pixel arrays for real-time photoluminescence imaging of redox molecules