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Maximizing the sustainable supercurrent density, Jc, is crucial to highcurrent applications of superconductivity and, to achieve this, preventingdissipative motion of quantized vortices is key. Irradiation of superconductorswith high-energy heavy ions can be used to create nanoscale defects that act asdeep pinning potentials for vortices. This approach holds unique promise forhigh current applications of iron-based superconductors because Jcamplification persists to much higher radiation doses than in cupratesuperconductors without significantly altering the superconducting criticaltemperature. However, for these compounds virtually nothing is known about theatomic scale interplay of the crystal damage from the high-energy ions, thesuperconducting order parameter, and the vortex pinning processes. Here, wevisualize the atomic-scale effects of irradiating FeSexTe1-x with 249 MeV Auions and find two distinct effects: compact nanometer-sized regions of crystaldisruption or 'columnar defects', plus a higher density of single atomic-site'point' defects probably from secondary scattering. We show directly that thesuperconducting order is virtually annihilated within the former whilesuppressed by the latter. Simultaneous atomically-resolved images of thecolumnar crystal defects, the superconductivity, and the vortex configurations,then reveal how a mixed pinning landscape is created, with the strongestpinning occurring at metallic-core columnar defects and secondary pinning atclusters of pointlike defects, followed by collective pinning at higher fields.

Imaging atomic-scale effects of high-energy ion irradiation on superconductivity and vortex pinning in Fe(Se,Te)