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The influence of transporters on the pharmacokinetics of drugs is being increasingly recognized, and DDIs via transporters may be a risk factor for adverse events. Cyclosporine A, a strong OATP inhibitor, has been reported to increase the systemic exposure of rosuvastatin, an OATP substrate, by 7.1-fold in clinical studies. PXB mice are chimeric mice with humanized livers that are highly repopulated with human hepatocytes and have been widely used for drug discovery in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies. In the present study, we examined in vivo and in vitro DDIs between rosuvastatin and cyclosporine A in PXB mice and fresh human hepatocytes (PXB cells) obtained from PXB mice. We initially investigated the active transport of rosuvastatin into PXB cells, and found concentration-dependent uptake with a Michaelis-Menten constant value of 4.0 μ mol/l and a V  max value of 4.63 pmol/min per 10 6 cells. Cyclosporine A inhibited the uptake of rosuvastatin with an IC 50 value of 0.21 μ mol/l. We then examined in vivo DDIs, and the exposure of orally administered rosuvastatin increased by 3.3-fold and 11-fold in PXB mice pretreated with 10 and 50 mg/kg cyclosporine A, whereas it increased by 2.5-fold and 6.2-fold when rosuvastatin was administered intravenously, in studies that were conducted for considering gastrointestinal DDIs. The liver-to-blood concentration ratio of rosuvastatin was dose-dependently decreased by pretreatment with cyclosporine A in PXB mice and SCID mice. Observed DDIs in vivo were considered to be reasonable based on the estimated concentrations of cyclosporine A at the inlet to the liver and in the liver tissues of both mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that PXB mice might be a useful tool for predicting human OATP-mediated DDIs in drug discovery, and its limitation due to the differences of gastrointestinal condition from human should also be considered.

drug metabolism and disposition/dmd online

Organic Anion–Transporting Polypeptide (OATP)–Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Study between Rosuvastatin and Cyclosporine A in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver