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The triceps surae muscle-tendon units are important in governing walking performance, acting to regulate mechanical behavior of the ankle through interaction between active muscle and passive elastic structures. Ankle joint quasi-stiffness (the slope of the relation between ankle moment and ankle rotation, k A ) is a useful aggregate measure of this mechanical behavior. However, the role of muscle activation and length-tension behavior in augmenting k A remains unclear. In this study, 10 subjects completed eccentric isokinetic contractions at rest and at 2 soleus activation levels (25% and 75% isometric voluntary contraction) prescribed using electromyographic biofeedback. Ultrasound imaging quantified activation-dependent modulation of soleus muscle length-tension behavior and its role in augmenting k A . The authors found that soleus muscle stiffness (k M ) and k A exhibit nonlinear relations with muscle activation and both were more sensitive to the onset of activation than to subsequent increases in activation. Our findings also suggest that k A can be modulated via activation through changes in soleus muscle length-tension behavior. However, this modulation is more complex than previously appreciated-reflecting interaction between active muscle and passive elastic tissues. Our findings may have implications for understanding normal and pathological ankle joint function and the design of impedance-based prostheses.

Activation-Dependent Changes in Soleus Length–Tension Behavior Augment Ankle Joint Quasi-Stiffness