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Interfacial rheology is important for understanding properties such asPickering emulsion or foam stability. Currently, the response is measured usinga probe directly attached to the interface. This can both disturb the interfaceand is coupled to flow in the bulk phase, limiting its sensitivity. We havedeveloped a contactless interfacial method to perform interfacial shearrheology on liquid/liquid interfaces with no tool attached directly to theinterface. This is achieved by shearing one of the liquid phases and measuringthe interfacial response via confocal microscopy. Using this method we havemeasured steady shear material parameters such as interfacial elastic modulifor interfaces with solid-like behaviour and interfacial viscosities forfluid-like interfaces. The accuracy of this method has been verified relativeto a double-wall ring geometry. Moreover, using our contactless method we areable to measure lower interfacial viscosities than those that have previouslybeen reported using a double-wall ring geometry. A further advantage is thesimultaneous combination of macroscopic rheological analysis with microscopicstructural analysis. Our analysis directly visualizes how the interfacialresponse is strongly correlated to the particle surface coverage and theirinterfacial assembly. Furthermore, we capture the evolution and irreversiblechanges in the particle assembly that correspond with the rheological responseto steady shear.

Contactless Interfacial Rheology: Probing Shear at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces without an Interfacial Geometry via Fluorescence Microscopy