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The numerical simulation of acoustic waves in complex 3D media is a key topicin many branches of science, from exploration geophysics to non-destructivetesting and medical imaging. With the drastic increase in computingcapabilities this field has dramatically grown in the last twenty years.However many 3D computations, especially at high frequency and/or long range,are still far beyond current reach and force researchers to resort toapproximations, for example by working in 2D (plane strain) or by using aparaxial approximation. This article presents and validates a numericaltechnique based on an axisymmetric formulation of a spectral finite-elementmethod in the time domain for heterogeneous fluid-solid media. Taking advantageof axisymmetry enables the study of relevant 3D configurations at a verymoderate computational cost. The axisymmetric spectral-element formulation isfirst introduced, and validation tests are then performed. A typicalapplication of interest in ocean acoustics showing upslope propagation above adipping viscoelastic ocean bottom is then presented. The method correctlymodels backscattered waves and explains the transmission losses discrepanciespointed out in Jensen et al. (2007). Finally, a realistic application to adouble seamount problem is considered.

An axisymmetric time-domain spectral-element method for full-wave simulations: Application to ocean acoustics