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Measurements of acoustic backscattering from glacially-eroded rock outcropswere made off the coast of Sandefjord, Norway using a high-frequency syntheticaperture sonar (SAS) system. A method by which scattering strength can beestimated from data collected by a SAS system is detailed, as well as a methodto estimate an effective calibration parameter for the system. Scatteringstrength measurements from very smooth areas of the rock outcrops agree withpredictions from both the small-slope approximation and perturbation theory,and range between -33 and -26 dB at 20$^\circ$ grazing angle. Scatteringstrength measurements from very rough areas of the rock outcrops agree with thesine-squared shape of the empirical Lambertian model and fall between -30 and-20 dB at 20$^\circ$ grazing angle. Both perturbation theory and thesmall-slope approximation are expected to be inaccurate for the very rougharea, and overestimate scattering strength by 8 dB or more for all measurementsof very rough surfaces. Supporting characterization of the environment wasperformed in the form of geoacoustic and roughness parameter estimates.

Measurements of high-frequency acoustic scattering from glacially-eroded rock outcrops