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The mean resonance frequency of the human middle ear under air conduction (AC) excitation is known to be around 0.8-1.2 kHz. However, studies suggest that the mean resonance frequency under bone conduction (BC) excitation is at a higher frequency around 1.5-2 kHz. To identify the cause for this difference, middle-ear responses to both AC and BC excitations were measured at the umbo and lateral process of the malleus using five human cadaver temporal bones. The resonance modes identified from these measurements, along with finite element analysis results, indicate the presence of two ossicular modes below 2 kHz. The dominant mode under AC excitation is the first mode, which typically occurs around 1.2 kHz and is characterized by a "hinging" ossicular motion, whereas the dominant mode under BC excitation is the second mode, which typically occurs around 1.7 kHz and is characterized by a "pivoting" ossicular motion. The results indicate that this second mode is responsible for the translational component in the malleus handle motion. The finding is also consistent with the hypothesis that a middle-ear structural resonance is responsible for the prominent peak seen at 1.5-2 kHz in BC limit data.

Ossicular resonance modes of the human middle ear for bone and air conduction