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Elementary physics of photovoltaic energy conversion in a two-level atomic PVis considered. We explain the conditions for which the Carnot efficiency isreached and how it can be exceeded! The loss mechanisms - thermalization, angleentropy, and below-bandgap transmission - explain the gap between Carnotefficiency and the Shockley-Queisser limit. Wide varieties of techniquesdeveloped to reduce these losses (e.g., solar concentrators, solar-thermal,tandem cells, etc.) are reinterpreted by using a two level model. Remarkably,the simple model appears to capture the essence of PV operation and reproducethe key results and important insights that are known to the experts throughcomplex derivations.

Fundamentals of PV Efficiency Interpreted by a Two-Level Model