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XEUS has been recently selected by ESA for an assessment study. XEUS is alarge mission candidate for the Cosmic Vision program, aiming for a launch dateas early as 2018. XEUS is a follow-on to ESA's Cornerstone X-Ray SpectroscopyMission (XMM-Newton). It will be placed in a halo orbit at L2, by a singleAriane 5 ECA, and comprises two spacecrafts. The Silicon pore optics assemblyof XEUS is contained in the mirror spacecraft while the focal plane instrumentsare contained in the detector spacecraft, which is maintained at the focus ofthe mirror by formation flying. The main requirements for XEUS are to provide afocused beam of X-rays with an effective aperture of 5 m^2 at 1 keV, 2 m^2 at 7keV, a spatial resolution better than 5 arcsec, a spectral resolution rangingfrom 2 to 6 eV in the 0.1-8 keV energy band, a total energy bandpass of 0.1-40keV, ultra-fast timing, and finally polarimetric capabilities. The High TimeResolution Spectrometer (HTRS) is one of the five focal plane instruments,which comprises also a wide field imager, a hard X-ray imager, a cryogenicspectrometer, and a polarimeter. The HTRS is unique in its ability to cope withextremely high count rates (up to 2 Mcts/s), while providing sub-millisecondtime resolution and good (CCD like) energy resolution. In this paper, we focuson the specific scientific objectives to be pursued with the HTRS: they are allcentered around the key theme "Matter under extreme conditions" of the CosmicVision science program. We demonstrate the potential of the HTRS observationsto probe strong gravity and matter at supra-nuclear densities. We conclude thispaper by describing the current implementation of the HTRS in the XEUS focalplane.

Science with the XEUS High Time Resolution Spectrometer