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An Adaptive secondary mirror (ASM) allows for the integration of adaptiveoptics (AO) into the telescope itself. Adaptive secondary mirrors, based onhybrid variable reluctance (HVR) actuator technology, developed by TNO, providea promising path to telescope-integrated AO. HVR actuators have the advantageof allowing mirrors that are stiffer, more power efficient, and potentiallyless complex than similar, voice-coil based ASM's. We are exploring theapplication of this technology via a laboratory testbed that will validate thetechnical approach. In parallel, we are developing conceptual designs for ASMsat several telescopes including the Automated Planet Finder Telescope (APF) andfor Keck Observatory. An ASM for APF has the potential to double the lightthrough the slit for radial velocity measurements, and dramatically improvedthe image stability. An ASM for WMKO enables ground layer AO correction andlower background infrared AO observations, and provides for more flexibledeployment of instruments via the ability to adjust the location of theCassegrain focus.

Developing Adaptive Secondary Mirror Concepts for the APF and W.M. Keck Observatory Based on HVR Technology