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Vortex fiber nulling (VFN) is a method that may enable the detection andcharacterization of exoplanets at small angular separations (0.5-2 $\lambda/D$)with ground- and space-based telescopes. Since the field of view is within theinner working angle of most coronagraphs, nulling accesses non-transitingplanets that are otherwise too close to their star for spectralcharacterization by other means, thereby significantly increasing the number ofknown exoplanets available for direct spectroscopy in the near-infrared.Furthermore, VFN targets planets on closer-in orbits which tend to have morefavorable planet-to-star flux ratios in reflected light. Here, we present thetheory and applications of VFN, show that the optical performance isapproximately equivalent for a variety of implementations and aperture shapes,and discuss the trade-offs between throughput and engineering requirementsusing numerical simulations. We compare vector and scalar approaches and,finally, show that beam shaping optics may be used to significantly improve thethroughput for planet light. Based on theoretical performance, we estimate thenumber of known planets and theoretical exoEarths accessible with a VFNinstrument linked to a high-resolution spectrograph on the future Thirty MeterTelescope.

Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: conceptual design, theoretical performance, and initial scientific yield predictions