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In linear-array transducer based photoacoustic (PA) imaging, B-scan PA imagesare formed using the raw channel PA signals. Delay-and-Sum (DAS) is the mostprevalent algorithm due to its simple implementation, but it leads to lowquality images. Delay-Multiply-and-Sum (DMAS) provides a higher image qualityin comparison with DAS while it imposes a computational burden of O(M^2). Inthis work, we introduce a nonlinear (NL) beamformer for linear-array PAimaging, which uses the p^{th} root of the detected signals and imposes thecomplexity of DAS (O(M)). The proposed algorithm is evaluated numerically andexperimentally (wire-target and in vivo sentinel lymph node (SLN) imaging), andthe effects of the parameter p are investigated. The results show that the NLalgorithm, using a root of p (NL_p), leads to lower sidelobes and highersignal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to DAS and DMAS, for (p > 2). Thesidelobes level (for the wire-target phantom), at the depth of 11.4 mm, areabout -31 dB, -52 dB, -52 dB, -67 dB, -88 dB and -109 dB, for DAS, DMAS, NL_2,NL_3, NL_4 and NL_5, respectively, indicating the superiority of the NL_palgorithm. In addition, the best value of p for SLN imaging is reported to be12.

journal of biomedical optics

An Efficient Nonlinear Beamformer Based on P^{th} Root of Detected  Signals for Linear-Array Photoacoustic Tomography: Application to Sentinel  Lymph Node Imaging