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As astronomical observations from space benefit from improved sensitivity,the effectiveness of scientific programs is becoming limited by systematicsthat often originate in poorly understood image sensor behavior. Traditional,bottom-up detector characterization methods provide one way to model underlyingdetector physics, and generate ever more faithful numerical simulations, butthis approach is vulnerable to preconceptions and over-simplification. Thealternative top-down approach is laboratory emulation, which enablesobservation, calibration, and analysis scenarios to be tested without relyingon a complete understanding of the underlying physics. This complementsdetector characterization and simulation efforts by testing their validity. Wedescribe a laboratory facility and experimental testbed that supports theemulation of a wide range of mission concepts such as gravitational weaklensing measurements by WFIRST and high precision spectrophotometry oftransiting exoplanets by JWST. An Offner relay projects readily customizable"scenes" (e.g. stars, galaxies, spectra) with very low optical aberration overthe full area of a typical optical or near infrared image sensor. f/8 andslower focal ratios may be selected, spanning those of most proposed spacemissions and approximating the point spread function (PSF) size of seeinglimited ground based surveys. Diffraction limited PSFs are projected over awide field of view and wavelength range to deliver highly predictable imagepatterns down to sub-pixel scales with stable intensity and fine motioncontrol. The testbed enables realistic validation of detector performance onscience-like images, which aids mission design and survey strategy, as well astargeted investigations of various detector effects.

Precision Projector Laboratory: Detector Characterization with an Astronomical Emulation Testbed