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Treatment of deep venous thrombosis DVT—a primary cause of potentially fatal pulmonary embolism PE—depends on the age of the thrombus. The existing clinical imaging methods are ca- pable of visualizing a thrombus but cannot determine the age of the blood clot. Therefore, there is a need for an imaging technique to reliably diagnose and adequately stage DVT. To stage DVT i.e., to determine the age of the thrombus, and therefore, to differentiate acute from chronic DVT, we explored photoacoustic imaging, a tech- nique capable of noninvasive measurements of the optical absorption in tissue. Indeed, optical absorption of the blood clot changes with age, since maturation of DVT is associated with significant cellular and molecular reorganization. The ultrasound and photoacoustic im- aging studies were performed using DVT-mimicking phantoms and phantoms with embedded acute and chronic thrombi obtained from an animal model of DVT. The location and structure of the clots were visualized using ultrasound imaging, while the composition, and therefore age, of thrombi were related to the magnitude and spa- tiotemporal characteristics of the photoacoustic signal. Overall, the results of our study suggest that combined ultrasound and photoa- coustic imaging of thrombi may be capable of simultaneous detection and staging of DVT. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2992175

Combined ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging to detect and stage deep vein thrombosis: phantom and ex vivo studies