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With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantumnetworking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantumrepeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensurequantum communication over long distances. We focus on repeaters that employentanglement generation and swapping. This revolves around establishing remoteend-to-end entanglement through repeaters, a concept we denote as the"quantum-native" repeaters (also called "first-generation" repeaters in someliterature). The challenges in routing with quantum-native repeaters arise fromprobabilistic entanglement generation and restricted coherence time. Currentapproaches use synchronized time slots to search for entanglement-swappingpaths, resulting in inefficiencies. Here, we propose a new set of asynchronousrouting protocols for quantum networks by incorporating the idea of maintaininga dynamic topology in a distributed manner, which has been extensively studiedin classical routing for lossy networks, such as using a destination-orienteddirected acyclic graph (DODAG) or a spanning tree. The protocols update theentanglement-link topology asynchronously, identify optimalentanglement-swapping paths, and preserve unused direct-link entanglements. Ourresults indicate that asynchronous protocols achieve a larger upper bound withan appropriate setting and significantly higher entanglement rate than existingsynchronous approaches, and the rate increases with coherence time, suggestingthat it will have a much more profound impact on quantum networks as technologyadvances.

Asynchronous Entanglement Routing for the Quantum Internet