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Irreversibility is usually captured by a comparison between the process thathappens and a corresponding "reverse process". In the last decades, thiscomparison has been extensively studied through fluctuation relations. Here werevisit fluctuation relations from the standpoint, suggested decades ago byWatanabe, that the comparison should involve the prediction and theretrodiction on the unique process, rather than two processes. We identify anecessary and sufficient condition for a retrodictive reading of a fluctuationrelation. The retrodictive narrative also brings to the fore the possibility ofderiving fluctuation relations based on various statistical divergences, andclarifies some of the traditional assumptions as arising from the choice of areference prior.

Fluctuation Theorems with Retrodiction rather than Reverse Processes