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Bangkok clay is a well-known soft clay among engineers around the world who work with soil-related fields. Many government institutions have to deal with many pipeline construction problems and open-cut trench technique due to many of its responsible regions containing Bangkok soft clay. The aim of this paper is to review the soil improvement techniques used in the construction of water supply pipelines and open-cut trench technique for solving pipeline construction & maintenance problems in responsible areas. Based on the related data, pipeline construction standards, backfill materials and zoning of construction, techniques have to be considered for improvement, and the effect of Bangkok clays must be considered in proposing suitable soil improvement techniques. In order to solve the problem, factors such as the ability for working on site with simplified components and techniques, efficient quality control, local and low cost material must be considered for the application of soil improvement. Due to the fact that the technique must be applicable to solve the problems, three soil improvement techniques were presented including: 1) Liquefied Stabilized Soil (LSS) technique 2) Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) technique and 3) Soil improvement with liquefied rubber technique. These techniques are appropriate for various conditions of the regions such as area constraint, constructions time, and material availability. Several materials can be applied for the two prominent techniques (LSS and CLSM). Those materials are excavated soil, reused or by-product materials, etc. On the other hand, using liquefied rubber for soil improvement requires short duration for hardening and construction. The essential composition of "Liquefied Rubber" is a natural product, which can be found locally. These are the dominant factors of this technique. Hence, the natural rubber value is added to rubber products industry in South East Asia region. This technique enhances the sustainable development of a Green Material in the future.

Guideline for Backfill Material Improvement for Water Supply Pipeline Construction on Bangkok Clay, Thailand