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In order to design evaporators for the CO2 thermal systems effectively, it is essential to understand the fundamentals and mechanisms of flow boiling heat transfer, flow patterns and two-phase flow characteristics of CO2 inside horizontal tubes including both the macroand microchannels. The proper prediction models for CO2 flow boiling heat transfer should be relevant to the physical mechanisms and corresponding flow patterns. This paper presents a comprehensive review of flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow of CO2 characteristics and their prediction methods. First, the review addresses the extensive experimental studies on flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow in macro-channels and micro-channels. Then, The studies of CO2 two-phase flow patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the effects of oil on the flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drops are analyzed. The generalized mechanistic models for flow boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drops of CO2 and a new flow pattern map specially for CO2, which cover both macroand microchannels developed by Cheng et al. are presented and compared to the experimental data in the literature. It has been proved that the models and flow maps favorably agree with the experimental data. In the application aspect, comparison of simulation results and the experimental data in the real thermal systems are presented.

Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow of Carbon Dioxide: Fundamentals, Mechanistic Models and Applications