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Heavy metal contamination of soil is widespread, and there is a potential risk of transferring toxic metals to agricultural crops, animals and humans. The total heavy metals content can indicate the extent of contamination, but this measure is not usually an accurate indication of the phyto-toxicity; therefore, a number of recent studies have investigated the bioavailable heavy metal fractions in soils and evaluated the phyto-toxic risks for humans. Soluble and exchangeable forms of metals in the soil are the fractions available for plants. The main purpose of the present study is to quantify the total and soluble/exchangeable fractions of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn) in soils of peri-urban farmland in Portugal (Ribeira dos Covões). The results show that the total heavy metals content is greater than the soluble/exchangeable content, but no clear correlations were recorded: Pb ‒ 70.8 mg/kg vs. 16.7 mg/kg, Cr ‒ 25.0 mg/kg vs. 0.0 mg/kg, Zn ‒ 383.3 mg/kg vs. 0.0 mg/kg, Cu ‒ 183.3 mg/kg vs. 0.0 mg/kg in a horticultural garden (site 10), and; Pb ‒ 270.8 mg/kg vs. 79.0 mg/kg, Cr ‒ 25.0 mg/kg vs. 0.0 mg/kg, Zn ‒ 12.5 mg/kg vs. 0.0 mg/kg, Cu ‒ 33.3 mg/kg vs. 29.2 mg/kg in a backyard (site 18). It is possible that the use of a single extraction procedure, in the laboratory, may not provide a proper assessment of heavy metal forms, and it is therefore advisable to combine different extraction methods in order to correctly perform a risk-based evaluation.

Determination of Soluble/Exchangeable Metals in Peri-urban Farmland (Ribeira dos Covões) of Central Portugal