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Twenty-eight cases of systemic infections due to Haemophilus influenzae diagnosed from October 1988 to December 1998 were analyzed retrospectively. The clinical manifestations were 13 meningitis (15 episodes), 9 septic arthritis, 4 acute epiglottitis, 1 septicemia and 1 lung abscess. In the 15 meningitis episodes, 13 had positive CSF culture results, and the other 2 episodes of pretreated with antibiotics were diagnosed by H. influenzae type b (Hib) antigen detection by using concentrated urine specimens. In the 9 septic arthritis cases, 6 had positive synovial fluid culture results. Of the 3 cases with negative results on Gram stain and on synovial fluid and blood cultures, etiological diagnosis was established by Hib antigen detection in synovial fluid. Results of Hib antigen detection were positive in all 8 cases (100%). In 6 of these 8 cases, antimicrobial therapy was started by the results of antigen detection. In the 4 acute epiglottitis, 2 had positive blood culture results, and the other 1 case was diagnosed by Hib antigen detection by using concentrated urine specimen. In 3 of these 4 cases, H. influenzae strains isolated from nasopharyngeal swab or aspirated sputum were serotyped as type b. In this study, rapid antigen detection has several advantages in the rapid laboratory diagnosis of systemic infections due to Haemophilus influenzae. 1. The detection of Hib antigen is the only way to diagnose bacterial etiology of infection in patients who had received partially treatment with antimicrobials. Urine is as an appropriate specimen for antigen testing as CSF in patients with suspected Hib meningitis. Moreover, to detect Hib antigen in synovial fluid is clinically useful in septic arthritis. 2. Both the antigen detection and Gram stain made the rapid presumptive identifications and effected therapeutic decision making. 3. Antigen detection methods have also been used in serotyping of clinical isolates. We conclude that rapid antigen detection is a very useful tool for the rapid etiological diagnosis and guideline for the choice of antimicrobials in systemic infections due to Hib. It is necessary to diagnose bacterial etiology as a routine procedure using not only Gram stain and culture but also rapid antigen detection technique in patients with suspected Hib systemic infection.

Usefulness of Rapid Antigen Detection for the Diagnosis of Systemic Infections due to Haemophilus influenzae