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Recent advances in lithium ion battery modeling suggest degradation may be reduced by permitting unequal but con- trolled charging of individual cells. Hence, this paper compares anode-side film formation for a standard equalization scheme versus unequal charging through switches controlled by deter- ministic dynamic programming (DDP) and DDP-inspired algo- rithms. A static map for film growth rate is derived from a first- principles battery model adopted from the electrochemical engi- neering literature. Using this map, we consider two cells con- nected in parallel via relay switches. The key results we demon- strate are: (1) Enabling unequal charging indeed reduces film buildup; (2) A near optimal control method can be implemented using heuristic rules designed from the DDP solution and con- vexity properties of film growth rate. Simulation results indicate that the heuristic rules achieve near optimal performance rela- tive to the DDP solution, with significant reduction in film growth compared to charging both cells equally.

Control of Film Growth in Lithium Ion Battery Packs via Switches