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We present and discuss a variance-reduced stochastic particle simulation method for solving the relaxation-time model of the Boltzmann transport equation. The variance reduction, achieved by simulating only the deviation from equilibrium, results in a significant computational efficiency advantage compared with traditional stochastic particle methods in the limit of small deviation from equilibrium. More specifically, the proposed method can efficiently simulate arbitrarily small deviations from equilibrium at a computational cost that is independent of the deviation from equilibrium, which is in sharp contrast to traditional particle methods. The proposed method is developed and validated in the context of dilute gases; despite this, it is expected to directly extend to all fields (carriers) for which the relaxation-time approximation is applicable.

On Variance-Reduced Simulations of the Boltzmann Transport Equation for Small-Scale Heat Transfer Applications