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NEČAS, T., LÉBL, K.: Evaluation of selected nursery traits in combination rootstocks and variety for Asian pear trees. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 8, pp. 171–180 Evaluation of the nursery traits of rootstocks and varieties is an important tool for optimisation of the fruit orchard plants fi nal growing. The present experiment evaluated the standard and progressive rootstocks for the pear trees in combination with the Asian varieties of P. pyrifolia Nakai. a P. ussuriensis Maxim. in comparison with the control variety ‘Conference’ P. communis L. The evaluation was focused on such properties as affi nity, growth of the tree propagated by budding, thickness of the root crown at the rootstock and the root suckering. Their interactions were tested statistically. The highest values of affi nity within the nursery were achieved with the following rootstocks: ‘BET’ (96.6%), ‘FOX 11’ (95.5 %), and ‘MA’ (94.4 %). ‘Hosui’ was identifi ed as the variety with the greatest growing capacity, with an average gain of 1238.2 mm. The most supported variety growth was exhibited by the ‘FOX 11’ rootstock, with an average gain of the trees propagated by budding of 1388.8 mm. The growth intensity itself was demonstrated most in the thickness of the root crown of the ‘BET’ (P. betulifolia) rootstock, namely 15.8 mm. The rootstock that exhibited the strongest root suckering was also ‘BET’ with 6.2 suckers per rootstock. The identifi ed diff erences between the varieties and rootstocks were confi rmed as statistically signifi cant or even highly statistically signifi cant. Nashi, quince, pomes fruit, chip budding, budded plant, affi nity Asian pear trees come from the Eastern and North-Eastern Asia, unlike the European ones which come from the Caucasus Mountains. They are grown mostly in China, Japan, and Korea and to a lesser extent in other Asian countries as well. It is rare to fi nd extensive orchards in Europe. Other major producers are India, New Zealand, Australia, USA and some Southern American countries (FAO, 2010). Production of Asian pears sees rapid development, especially in China. China produces more Asian pears than any other country in the world. Compared with the annual production of approx. 15 million tonnes, i.e. 67% of the world production, the European varieties only account for 2% thereof; the rest features the Asian varieties with farming area of more than 1 million hectares (68% of the world area for pear growing), (FAO, 2010). With these fi gures, pears are the most largely produced fruit in China second only to apples (Jun, Hongsheng, 2002; FAO, 2010). In the last 5 years, pear growing in Asia has increased by 22.8% to exceed 17.2 million tonnes. This means the production has doubled since 1995 (Gemma, 2008). Fruit production in the Czech Republic reaches nearly 298,000 tonnes (2010, which is a decrease by 29% against 2009), with the intensive production orchards accounting for 41% of this production (121,000 tonnes), whereas the extensive orchards (predominantly minor farmers and producers) accounts for 59% (176,000 tonnes). Proportion of pear production in the entire fruit production has reached critical value of 5.6%, whereas apples represent 67% (as of 2010). Total pear production in 2010 equalled 16,100 tonnes. Average yield was 8.33 t.ha-1. Average yield per 1 hectare of intensive orchards from 1984 to 2010 was approx. 9.4 tonnes (Buchtová, 2011). 172 T. Nečas, K. Lébl Major reasons for stagnation of pear tree orchards include: • lack of pear tree weak-growing rootstocks (at the M9 level in apple) suitable for intensive orchards – vegetatively propagated rootstocks; • insuffi cient growers’ awareness of varieties resistant to Erwinia (interspecifi c hybrids, Asian varieties); • unresolved issues concerning the inhibition of pear psylla invasion (Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster. and Cacopsylla pyri (L.) and the associated elimination of occurrence of pear decline – “PD” caused by phytoplasma); Major species involved in the generation of cultural varieties of Asian origin: P. pyrifolia (syn. P. serotina) grown mostly in Japan. The predominating species in China are P. ussuriensis, P. bretschneideri and P. sinkiangensis. Such species as P. betulaefolia and P. calleryana are used primarily as rootstocks for growing (Luo, Zhang, 2002). 72% of all known pear species are estimated to come from Asia. Some of them nowadays face total extinction, e.g. P. koehnei (Nee et al., 2002). At present (2012), there are two varieties of Asian pear trees registered in the Czech Republic, species Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai var. culta (Mak.) Nakai, namely ‘Julka’, summer variety (registered 2010, maintained by VŠÚO Holovousy, s.r.o.) and ‘Rafzas’, autumn variety (registered 2009, maintained by Promo-Fruit AG, Switzerland, represented in the Czech Republic by Ökoplant international, s. r. o.) (ÚKZÚZ, 2012). In the world, the vegetatively propagated quince rootstocks are used primarily for their dense and fruitful orchards (Musacchi, 2006). Nevertheless, the quince rootstocks also have some negative traits that signifi cantly restrict their use. One of the negative traits is their poor affi nity with the main varieties, especially those of world-wide assortment (varieties ‘Abate fetel’, ‘Williams’, ‘Bosc’, etc.) as well as Asianorigin varieties. Quartieri et al. (2011), mentions several reasons for stagnating use of vegetatively propagated pear tree rootstocks. The major reason is their strong growth, delayed fertility, deteriorating quality of fruits (particularly shrinkage). In the Czech Republic, the situation is quite similar both in quince and in pear tree rootstocks. The majority of pear tree rootstocks propagated by seeds grow exuberantly and thereby disallow to establish orchards with intensive dense spacing (2000+ pieces per hectare) which is one of the reason for the orchard stagnation experienced in the Czech Republic (Nečas, 2011). In the Czech Republic, within a common nursery practice, the pear tree rootstocks are only produced in a minimal quantity, and it is only the generatively propagated pear tree seedling. The quince rootstocks are represented by 5 rootstocks types with a total production of 82.288 pieces (which makes only 5.1% of the production of the vegetatively propagated apple tree rootstocks, (Nečas, 2011). The experiment evaluated the nursery traits of the rootstocks and gra ed variety of the perspective rootstocks and Asian varieties. The pear tree rootstocks such as ‘Pyrodwarf’, ‘Pyroplus’, ‘OHxF 333’, or the quince rootstocks such as ‘MC’, ‘BA-29’, and ‘Cydomalus’, allow achieving the similar values of orchard density and intensifi cation as with those of apple trees on the ‘M 9’ rootstock or variety of rootstocks ‘J-TE-G’ and ‘M 26’. The Asian varieties in the assortment, which includes varieties resistant to fi re blight (Erwinia amylowora), pear psylla, European pear russetting and pear decline (Seemüller et al., 1998; Bell, 2003; Brewer et al., 2011; Bokszczanin et al., 2012; NCGR, 2012). The aim of the experiment was to select a suitable combination of rootstock/ variety, with optimum growth properties for growing the Asian pears in the Czech local conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was set up in the autumn of 2006 by transplanting the acquired rootstocks onto an experimental fi eld. Evaluation was carried out over the years 2008–2010. The evaluation was focused on a total of 9 selected standard and perspective rootstocks: 1) vegetatively propagated pear tree rootstocks: ‘Pyriam’– (supplied by Pépinières Lafond, Valreas, France). The rootstock was cross-bred in France (P. nivalis x P. heterofolia). It can be characterised as tolerant of or resistant to fi re blight (Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.), shows good affi nity and does not branch in the nursery (Simard, et al., 2002). ‘OHxF 333’ (Brokmal) – (supplied by VŠÚO Holovousy s.r.o.). In terms of growth intensity, the rootstock is classifi ed as moderately weak growing. It is reported to be resistant to fi re blight (Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.) and pear decline (Kviklys, 2008). ‘Pyrodwarf®’ – (supplied by Vivai Battistiny, Italy). This rootstock was selection from the cross-bred off spring of ‘Old Home’ x ‘Bonne Louise d’ Avranches’. The rootstock has good affi nity with the gra ed varieties, is frost-resistant, and exhibits weak root suckering and medium resistance to fi re blight. It is easily propagable by means of hard and so cuttings (Jacob, 1998). ‘FOX 11®’ – (supplied by Vivai Battistiny, Italy). The rootstock was selected, as seedlings from pollination of the variety ‘Volpina’. It is tolerant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and susceptible to fi re blight. Affi nity with the majority of cultivars is excellent, suitable for medium dense orchards with 1500 trees/hectare (Quartieri et al., 2011). 2) vegetatively propagated quince rootstocks: ‘quince S1’ – (supplied by Fytos Plzeň). The rootstock was selected in Poland, and belongs to the Angers quince type. Its growth intensity is at the level of ‘MA’ quince. It is characterised by frost resistance though it terminates the vegetation quite slowly (Nečas, 2010). ‘quince MA’ – (supplied by Fytos Plzeň). It is a selection of Angers quince. It shows good affi nity with the variety ‘Conference’, Evaluation of selected nursery traits in combination rootstocks and variety in Asian pear trees 173 ‘Pastornice’ (‘Poire de Curé’, ‘Pastorenbirne’), ‘Madame Verte’, ‘Beurre Hardy’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’ and ‘Beurre Diel’. It has poor affi nity with the variety ‘Clapp’, ‘Červencová’, ‘Bosc’, ‘President Drouard’, ‘Charneu’, ‘Beurre Alexandre Lucas’, ‘Williams’, ‘Abate fetel’ (Marangoni, Rivalta,1995), (Vachůn, 2001). ‘quince BA 29’ – (supplied by Vivai Battistiny, Italy). As of recently, widely spread quince rootstock of French origin, selected from the Provence type of quince. Growth intensity is by 20% higher than the ‘MA’ rootstock