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HRONOVÁ ŠAFÁŘOVÁ, L.: Compositional development of spaces related to the fortifi cation of cities from the point of view of garden art and landscape architecture. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2012, LX, No. 8, pp. 87–100 The article deals with the specifi c urban and suburban spaces where landscape design and garden art were confronted with existing or later disappearing fortifi cation system. It analyses structures related to the landscape architecture from the baroque and classical times to the era of the pseudohistorical style, from the end of the 17th century to the end of the 19th century, with special interest devoted to the less known historical forms of the 18th century and their development. Using detailed historical maps and plans, the research reveals elements of landscape architecture in smaller or larger scale of several types – gardens close to the city walls, tree plantings and gardens on the fortifi cation bastions, gardens and promenade alleys under them on the glacis or private gardens on the surrounding grounds, that were still infl uenced by the existence of the fortifi cation system. Two historically important Moravian cities were used here as an example – Brno and Olomouc, where main types of green spaces (near the walls on their both sides) and several possible ways of their development were followed and analysed, and specifi c types of compositional and spatial development were defi ned. These could be understood as basic ‘evolution types’ specifi c for central European cities in general, and can be found in variations in other cities and towns in this region. city walls, fortifi cation, bastion, glacis, baroque garden, alley, city park Baroque fortifi cations of cities in central Europe represent a specifi c phenomenon of the 18th century that could be perceived as both urban or landscape structures, or their borders. These huge structures divided strictly the city and the surrounding landscape, where private baroque gardens were the possible retreat of wealthy citizens. The decrease of the city walls’ importance for the defence (together with the growing number of the citizens) resulted in considerations of their further existence. They began to be regarded as an obstacle of urban development and became a subject of discussions and negotiations between the city representatives and the military administration. These processes resulted in many cases in the rearrangement of city walls in space and purpose by layout of promenades, small city gardens, restaurants etc., or later the whole disposal of large fortifi cation structures and inclusion of their grounds to the city expansion plans. In the second case, existing classicist (or early 19th century) tree alleys on glacis could became the compositional axes of future city parks; if not, they sometimes remained at least as alleys along the main roads in newly built-up quarters. There still remain unknown structures (gardens, tree plantings, alleys) which existence was somehow related to the fortifi cation system. They were either existing too close to it and later had to be liquidated for the reasons of defence or in opposite they were laid out on the fortifi cation elements when the outdated fortifi cation system provided them 88 L. Hronová Šafářová suitable spaces; also these o en disappeared in the time of urban growth in the 19th century. Many of these structures were until now known in literal sources only, without their precise localisation and visual support – their graphical documentation on historical maps and plans. These gaps were partly fi lled in by this research. It thematically follows the results of the dissertation thesis of the author (ŠAFÁŘOVÁ, 2010) that was aimed at 19th century parks of Olomouc and Vienna and several older unknown baroque gardens were found by chance. The further research was focused on the development of the green spaces in the 17th–19th century. For this text, the most important gardens and similar element of designed greenery were chosen to present the specifi c types of green spaces related to the fortifi cation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was carried out in several stages. First, the elements related to garden art and landscape design within the city walls and the nearest countryside were defi ned as main issues of the interest. Their known development was already partly summed up in the author’s dissertation (ŠAFÁŘOVÁ, 2010) which provided the basic information for the further research, where newly found graphical documents played the role of the main source. These included above all old maps in archive collections of the Austrian State Archive in Wien. The existence and development of green structures of the 17th–19th centuries were analysed in three main areas – inside the city walls, on the fortifi cation elements and outside the walls in the countryside. Further division was according to the scale larger units such as whole glacis and smaller units as particular gardens, parks etc. In the second stage, the historical documents were completed in the following archive collections: the Austrian State Archive, subsidiary War Archive, Vienna (ÖStA – Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, KA – Kriegsarchiv, Wien); they were located in Collection of Maps and Plans (Kartenund Plansammlung), its two parts called Collection of Plans (Kartensammlung; from here the collection of Städtepläne und Stadtumgebungskarten), and Engineerand Plan Archive (Genieund Planarchiv, from here the collection of Inland). The graphical documentation for Olomouc related to the topic used several maps gained in the previous research, related above all to the 19th century, and completed them by the maps and plans of the earlier time (the 17th and the 18th century) – the oldest one dated in 1694 (see Fig. 1), the latest in 1824. The same archive source was used for searching for the graphical documentation for Brno. All the accessible maps and plans were browsed and analysed documents with depicted green spaces. The most signifi cant documents were gained in digitalized copies provided in the scale of 1:1. The oldest map of Brno was dated 1699 and the latest one 1909. In a last phase of the research, these copies of maps and plans were analysed in detail; gardens, alleys and parks were examined as for their creation, development and existence during the time; if possible, they were identifi ed according to written sources – legends on the maps or another texts. The development of the green structures was viewed together with the development of the fortifi cation spaces, focused on the most specifi c or unknown elements of greenery. The results for these elements existing in the mentioned period (17th–19th century) were summed up and derived specifi c types, their usual spatial composition and ways of development. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There are three main areas characterized by diff erent starting conditions for possible existence of gardens and similar layouts of the greenery: the fi rst are premises within the city walls, the second one fortifi cation elements and the third one the glacis, blending into the landscape with village settlements. The development will be followed according to this division. 1. Green spaces on the premises within the city walls Urban premises close to the fortifi cation present the fi rst type of space. Their usage as gardens or for similar purposes was relatively small in case of the both Moravian cities of Brno and Olomouc, represented above all by gardens and inner courtyards of monasteries located by the city walls (spare yards or gardens of private houses are here not researched). These monastery green spaces existed in medieval times as well, in the baroque epoch they continued at similar places (the yards), were arranged in contemporary style and the plans of the cities show even gardens extended to the city walls – sometimes with trees (orchard) or broderies (ornamental garden). There were several gardens by monasteries close to the city walls in Olomouc as well. They are depicted on a plan of the city dated 1833–1834.1 The gardens are by the Monastery close to today’s Kateřinská Street in the south of the city – Urschuliner Kloster and by the Dominican Monastery in the north of the city. Further gardens we can see between the canonical houses and medieval walls (today’s by Křížkovského Street) and by the Jesuit Convict (today’s Univerzitní Street). These monastery and other gardens are depicted also on later city plans; one of them dated 18422 shows also a garden by 1 Plan of Olomouc in 1833–1834. ÖStA, KA Wien, KPS, Inland, C IV ) Olmütz No. 13. 2 Plan of Olomouc in 1842. ÖStA, KA Wien, KPS, Inland, C IV ) Olmütz No. 41. Compositional development of spaces related to the fortifi cation of cities from the point of view of garden art 89 the Capuchin Monastery (Kapuziner Kloster) in the southeast end of the city, by the theological school – Seminarium (today by the theological faculty next to the Michael’s Church), by the bishop’s residence (by Křížkovského Street), and by the Dome Church of St. Wenceslas (Domkirche). The same gardens are drawn on the map dated by years 1846–18663 and later; most of them stayed in their places until today. They have the same size or were just partly reduced in space; the inner composition has changed. As for Brno, garden and two inner yards with plants were located by the Jesuit Monastery (northeast of the city centre, today between the streets of Jesuitská and Dvořákova). The yards and the garden, located between the monastery and medieval walls, are depicted on the town planes dated 17294 (see Fig. 3) and 17545 (see Fig.4). Both yards are laid out regularly, divided by two axes to four fi elds and a central circle. On the eastern yard, there were trees planted on the edges of the green fi elds. This block of buildings exists until today but was several times rebuilt during the 19th century, changed in disposition and the garden quite d

Compositional development of spaces related to the fortification of cities from the point of view of garden art and landscape architecture