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AMBRUZ, J., HEJDUK, S.: Autumn terms of sowing of turf grasses and legumes and their initial development. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 6, pp. 9–16 The most frequent way to establish turfgrass in the climatic conditions of the Czech Republic is sowing during spring period. The seedlings are endangered by lack of soil moisture and by high temperatures if irrigation is no available. One of the possibilities how to increase probability of successful turfgrass establishment in warm areas which suff er by low amount of precipitation is autumn term of sowing. Eight grass species and subspecies and two legumes were sown in three autumn terms (September, October and November) during 2009 and 2010. The shortest time for seedling emergence was found in average of all terms at Medicago lupulina and Trifolium repens (9 days). Lolium perenne (14) and Festuca arundinacea (17) were the fastest emerged grasses. On the other hand the longest emergence time was realised at Poa pratensis (23), Festuca rubra ssp. trichophyla (22) and Festuca ovina (21). Plants sown in September emerged in 10 days, in October 12 and in November in 29 days. September term was suitable for all used species but November term underwent most successfully Festuca rubra ssp. commutata (23% soil cover in April next year) and Lolium perenne (19%). November term was not acceptable for legumes. turfgrass, overwintering, autumn sowing, grasses and legumes Establishment of turfgrasses by sowing is possible during the whole growing season. In praxis, there is the most common term for turfgrass sowing in spring period. At this time soil moisture is usually suffi cient and air temperature is not too high for seedlings growth. If there are drought and high temperatures, supplementary irrigation must be used. In many areas you can easily create highquality turf when autumn sowing (September to mid October). In autumn, thanks to lower temperatures and shorter day length, compared to the summer period, there is reduced evapotranspiration and sown grass species develop better. Before the advent of winter plants create a smaller amount of aboveground biomass and in the spring they have deeper root system and will withstand short drought periods without irrigation. This is especially benefi cial for species with slow initial development (HRABĚ and KNOT, 2009). TEUTON et al. (2009) warn against early summer seeding of Poa species as the results are low quality turfgrasses, esp. in warm and dry areas. Establishment in early November can be risky for some species in years with early onset of below zero temperatures. Given that individual species characterized by diff erent germination rate and initial development, they can be damaged diff erently. In mixtures can individuals of one species to gain a competitive advantage, resulting in changing the proportion of species in the turfgrass, or loss of any of them. Plant-plant interactions during seedling establishment can infl uence composition of turfgrass community. According to SKINNER (2005) emerged seedlings can be infl uenced by presence of surrounding emerging plants negatively (competition for water, nutrients and space), but also positively (soil shading, lower evaporation). Emergence rate is infl uenced by plant species, soil temperature and moisture, but also by 10 J. Ambruz, S. Hejduk cultivar, health status and age of seed (ADAMS and GIBBS, 2004). Many authors emphasize eff ect of temperature on germination rate of turf species, eg. KNOT (2006) and LARSEN and BIBBY (2005). Minimal and maximum temperatures for germination are genetically given and can be largely infl uenced by other abiotic factors. Optimal temperatures for germination are species specifi c. They are usually lower than optimum for growth. At low temperature, there is an imbibition of seed, but no embryo growth. The low temperature damages the embryo so that it will not complete germination. Likewise, high temperatures can lead to water intake, but not as well to grow embryos. Optimum temperature for germination of most species of temperate grasses is between 16 and 25 °C. Minimum temperatures are between 0 °C and maximum around 35 °C (VALVERDE and MINNER, 2008). The situation is similar with perennial legumes. One method of establishing legumes in order to reduce the negative eff ects of drought and high temperatures in the spring is sowing on the frozen soil (frost seeding). This method is used in the renovation of pastures in the mid-west of the U.S. (RIDAY, 2008). This is done in early spring a er the snow melting on the soil surface. During the cycles of melting and freezing seed comes into contact with the soil. However, in 30–40% of cases, this process ends unsuccessfully. The aim of this experiment was to compare the suitability of the autumn sowing terms at ten grasses and legumes species used for turfgrass establishment under climatic condition of lowland areas of Central Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was established in site BaťovOtrokovice (49°14‘N, 17°30’E) using randomised block design. Long term sum of precipitation amounts to 711 mm, long term mean annual temperature 8.5 oC, soil type was Fluvisol. Size of plots was 1m2; each variant was established with four replicates in 2009 and three replicates in 2010. The plots were not fertilised a er sowing and the trials were sprayed by a nonselective herbicide (Glyphosate) at the end of July 2010 and in May 2011. The trial was mown by rotary mower on the height 80 mm in following terms: 24. 9. 2009 (1st term of sowing), 22. 4. 2010 (1st and 2nd term), 13. 5. (1st, 2nd and 3rd term), 17. 6. and 15. 7. 2010 (whole trial); the second season terms were as follows: 20. 9. 2010, 19. 4. and 13. 5. 2011. Soil analysis was made before trial establishment. The results are shown in Tab. III. Soil surface was loosened by rotary cultivator in the depth of 50 mm and then levelled by rakes. Immediately before sowing, four grams of nitrogen per square meter was applied in a form of ammonium saltpeter with limestone (27.5% N). I: Species and cultivars used for the experiment Used species Cultivar Sowing rate (g m−2) Lolium perenne Polarstar 25 Festuca rubra ssp. commutata Barborka 25 Festuca rubra ssp. trichophylla Viktorka 25 Festuca rubra ssp. rubra Barustic 25 Festuca ovina Stěpanka 25 Poa pratensis Harmonie 15 Agrostis capillaris Vitek 10 Festuca arundinacea Barfelix 30 Trifolium repens Klement 4 Medicago lupulina Ekola 4