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ZATLOUKALOVA, A., LOSAK, T., HLUSEK, J., PAVLOUSEK, P., SEDLACEK, M., FILIPCIK, R.: The eff ect of soil and foliar applications of magnesium fertilisers on yields and quality of vine (Vitis vinifera, L.) grapes. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 3, pp. 221–226 A one-year fi eld trial was established with the vine variety Ryzlink vlasský (Riesling italico) to evaluate the eff ect of spring soil applications and 5x repeated foliar application of magnesium fertilisers on yields and quality of grapes. On light soil of the experimental locality Žabcice (ca 25 km south of Brno) visual symptoms of Mg defi ciency on vine leaves had been monitored in the past. The experiment involved 4 treatments: 1) unfertilised control; 2) spring soil application of Kieserite – 20 kg Mg.ha−1; 3) 5x foliar application of a 5% solution of Epso Combitop – Mg, S, Mn, Zn; 11.8 kg Mg.ha−1; 4) 5x foliar applications of a 5% solution of Epso Top – Mg, S; 14.8 kg Mg.ha−1. No signifi cant diff erences among the treatments were detected in the contents of K (1.40–1.67%) and Ca (1.63–1.91%) in leaves sampled a er the applications. A er foliar applications the contents of Mg and S signifi cantly increased in treatments 3–4 to 0.42–0.49% and 0.34–0.40 %, respectively compared to treatments 1–2 (0.29–0.30% and 0.22%, respectively). The content of Zn (173–380 mg.kg−1) and Mn (90–551 mg.kg−1) increased signifi cantly in treatment 3 compared to the other treatments. The chlorophyll index did not diff er among the treatments. Grape yields (t.ha−1) in treatments 1–4 were the following: 7.04–8.16–7.51–7.26 t.ha−1, respectively. Only the soil-applied treatment 2 diff ered signifi cantly from the other treatments. The content of sugar (16.5–17.9 °NM), titratable acids (12.78– 13.25 g.l−1) and the pH of must (3.02–3.11) did not diff er among the treatments. vine, magnesium, soil and foliar application, yields, sugar, acids, pH Balanced nutrition and fertilisation are essential components of the growing technology in vineyards in terms of achieving the required yields and quality of grapes. Vine has been grown on the site for a long time and requires appropriate attention to be devoted to fertilising the vineyard prior to planting as well as to fertilisation of the grape-bearing plantations (Fecenko and Ložek, 2000). Magnesium is an important macronutrient with a number of physiological functions in the plant. The importance of magnesium in the plant is in many ways connected with photosynthesis. It is the central atom of chlorophyll and it activates enzymatic processes. Magnesium also favourably infl uences assimilation (Natr in Prochazka et al., 1998; Kraus, 2003; Dorenstouter et al., 1985). The average Mg content in vine leaves is, as a rule, ca 0.3 % and magnesium is more movable than calcium (Hlusek et al., 2002). Mg defi ciency reduces the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and changes the chlorophyll a : b ratio in favour of chlorophyll b. Visually it is seen as chlorosis of leaves, especially older leaves and causes premature abscission. Chlorosis is caused either by absolute lack of soil Mg, high content of soil Ca (calcareous soils) or a combination of these factors (Ghuhic et al., 2009; 222 A. Zatloukalova, T. Losak, J. Hlusek, P. Pavlousek, M. Sedlacek, R. Filipcik Ksouri et al., 2005; Marschner, 2002). Mg uptake by the plant is also aff ected by the antagonistic eff ect of Ca and K and was confi rmed by Garcia et al. (1999) who discovered a marked reduction of Mg in grape berries on soils with a high supply of Ca connected with an increase in the total acid content. Skinner and Matthews (1990) reported Mg defi ciency also in low-soil-reaction and low-phosphorus-content vineyards. A defi cit of magnesium or unbalanced ratio between K and Mg also caused stalk necrosis and shrivelling of berries (Hlusek et al., 2002). The aim of the present fi eld trial was to compare root and foliar applications of magnesium fertilisers on the nutrient content in leaves and yield and quality parameters of grapes. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fi eld trial was established in the spring of 2010 with the vine variety Ryzlink vlasský (Riesling italico) in the vineyard of the School Farm in Žabcice which belongs to Mendel University in Brno. Žabcice lies ca 25 km south of Brno in the maizegrowing region. Soil and climate conditions are as follows: altitude – 185 m, annual precipitation 450– 550 mm, average annual air temperature 9.3 °C, soil type – light soil. The grape-bearing vineyards lie on sandy subsoil with a limited adsorption capacity for water and nutrients. Table I gives the agrochemical characteristics of the soil prior to establishment of the trial. The level of supply of Mg in the soil is good, i.e. it is soil where Mg application is necessary. The variety Ryzlink vlasský is very sensitive to Mg defi ciency. In the past visual symptoms of magnesium defi ciency had been repeatedly detected on the leaves and were confi rmed by leaf analysis. Leaf analysis also confi rmed the defi ciency of micronutrients Mn and Zn. The experiment involved 4 treatments described in Tab. II. Each treatment was repeated 4x; 1 repetition involved 10 grapevine shrubs. Treatment 1 is the unfertilised control. In treatment 2 the granular fertiliser Kieserite was incorporated into the soil in spring using tillage implements at a rate of 20 kg Mg.ha−1 (25% MgO, 20% S). In treatment 3 Epso Combitop (13% MgO, 13% S, 4% Mn and 1% Zn) was applied as top dressing and Epso Top (16% MgO, 13% S) was applied in treatment 4. Foliar nutrition with a 5% solution (600 l.ha−1) was applied 5x a er the fall of blossoms from late June to early August in intervals of 7–10 days. During vegetation pesticide control was conducted in the experimental treatments consistent with the rest of the vineyard. In the stage of berry so ening three weeks a er the last foliar application, leaves of all treatments were sampled for chemical analyses (Mg, K, Ca, S, Mn, Zn) and the chlorophyll index was assessed using the manual apparatus CCM-200. Grapes were picked manually and the yield was counted over to ha at an average number of 5,875 pcs.ha−1 grapevine shrubs. In terms of quality the grapes were analysed for the content of sugar, titratable acids and pH. The sugar content in must was assessed with a refractometer in fresh must from 100 berries in each repetition and the values were converted from Brix degrees (°Bg) to degrees of the normalised must-measuring device (°NM). The content of all titratable acids in must other than H2CO3 was assessed by titration of 0.1M NaOH v g.l−1. The pH value of the must was assessed with a pH-meter. The results were processed statistically using analysis of variance followed by testing according to Scheff e (P = 95%). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION According to Kraus (2003) vine requires the highest amount of magnesium between budding and fl owering. In the period before grape so ening up to picking magnesium defi ciency must not occur, otherwise the formation of anthokyans (blue grapes) is reduced and grape tissues are more susceptible to powdery mildew (Oidium) attack. Magnesium I: Agrochemical characteristics of soil prior to trial establishment (Mehlich III) Depth pH/CaCl2 mg.kg−1

The effect of soil and foliar applications of magnesium fertilisers on yields and quality of vine (Vitis vinifera, L.) grapes