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JEZDINSKÝ, A., ŘEZNICEK, V: The eff ect of some cultivation conditions on properties of leaves of the containerproduced species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 3, pp. 81–90 Plants diff er in their reactions to unfavourable environmental conditions and the eff ect of the acting factors directly and indirectly results in changes in a number of plants organs. The leaves are vegetative organs and as such they are completely exposed to external conditions. Most markedly these conditions aff ect the assimilative organs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the eff ect of four substrates and two sites diff ering in light intensity on the leaf morphology of the model plant species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. The used substrates were the commercial peat-bark substrate (RKS II), sand and bark substrate. With these substrates the soil conditioner TerraCottem was applied at a rate of 5 g per one litre of the substrate. The experimental plants were grown in 2-litre containers. The focus of evaluations of the individual treatments was on some leaf properties. TerraCottem showed that it had a positive eff ect also on the leaf area ratio and on leaf effi ciency. The number of leaves varied. The eff ect of the substrate and of the light intensity was identical; the latter parameter was strongly correlated with leaf weight. The shape of the leaves (leaf length/width ratio) and the SLA index responded to the diff erent light intensities. Other parameters were calculated from the results of the measured values which specifi ed in greater detail the eff ect of the year, media, hydro absorbent and light. Treatments A3 (1 697.60 mm2) and a conrol (1 708.10 mm2) had the smallest leave area. These two treatmens signifi cantly statistically diff ered frome those in the shade location. In the 2005 year the highest values were measured at the treatment B1 (41.22 m2.kg−1). Next year the values of the SLA were similar. Alnus glutinosa, leaves, light intensity, hydro absorbent, RKS II, sand, bark substrate Almost all unfavourable environmental conditions are directly and indirectly refl ected in the development of the majority of plant organs. The most marked eff ect of these conditions is seen on the assimilative organs. Literary sources in general report that the leaf area changes in dependence on the light intensity (Santrůcek, 1998; Pallardy, 2008). Changes in the leaf size and leaf morphology may indicate tolerance of the species to shading (Niinements, Kull, 1994); especially the leaves growing in shade are larger and thinner (Veen, Meijer, 1962; Pallardy, 2008) but also their shape is changed (Pallardy, 2008). Jurik et al. (1982) discovered that strawberry leaves growing in light were stronger that the shaded ones which contained more mesophyll cells. Xing Hua et al. (2010) monitored changes in the shape of leaves of the species Camellia nitidissima under diff erent light conditions and they proved that shaded plants have a tendency to make shorter and narrower leaves. As a general rule, woody species growing under higher light intensity produce longer leaves and leaves with a wider leaf 82 A. Jezdinský, V. Řeznicek blade. The length and width of leaf blade, as well as the leaf area, can be measured using simple calculation methods or using instrumentation in the form of scanners, while leaf thickness is measured by using formulas and the specifi c leaf area (SLA). The SLA is calculated as a rate of the total leaf area and leaf weight and is dependent on the leaf anatomy. SLA not only demonstrates the eff ect of light intensity but can also prove the eff ect of water and other conditions of the environment (Evans, Poorter, 2001; Xu et al., 2009). In addition Xu et al. (2009) reported that a er watering the the length and width of leaves did not change. The production of biomass of container-cultivated plants is dependent on the relation between the water content in plants and the amount of irrigation water. Each cultivation medium has its own individual water regime which is dependent on the size of particles, amount of organic matter, ability to bind water and the permeability of the substrate. That is the reason why diff erent cultivation media pose diff erent demands for the amount of watering (Bunt, 1988; Raviv et al., 2002). The most important cultivation substrates for container-grown plants are peat, bark, perlite, sand and vermiculite (Bunt, 1988). Sand is important in most of the cultivation mixtures. It has a low water-retaining ability (i. e. high water permeability) and that is why sandy substrates require frequent watering at low rates (Bunt, 1988). In order to improve the effi ciency of water in the soil or the container cultivation mixture we use organic materials and synthetic polymers (Abedi-Koupai et al., 2008). TerraCottem is a multicomponent soil conditioner consisting of more than 20 substances which belong to the following groups: water-retaining and releasing polymers, mineral fertilisers, organic substances, natural root growth activators and volcanic rock. It has been proved that an application of TerraCottem improved the properties of sandy soils and of cultivation substrates in vegetable and ornamental plant production (Singh, Cotthem, 2002; Vieira et al., 2005; Reis, Coelho, 2007). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the eff ect of four substrates and two sites of diff erent light intensities on the leaf morphology of the model plant species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was established at a multipurpose scientifi c experimental workplace on plots of the Faculty of Horticulture in Lednice in 2005– 2006. The same method was used in these two years of the experiment. The experiment was assessed in three repetitions and 9 treatments. Each treatment was represented by 75 plants. One year old seedlings, which were genetically identical, were planted out into special 2-litre nursery containers of the BC type. For the individual treatments of the experiment a substrate was premixed with an addition of the hydro-absorbent TerraCottem at a rate of 5 grams per liter of the substrate. Based on the respective treatments the plants were planted out into diff erent substrates and placed outdoors where they were exposed to natural climate eff ects and two diff erent light intensities. The shading was made by the cover of the raschel net with 50% transparentness. The composition of the substrates for the individual treatments was as follows: Sunny: A1: substrate RKS II (peat-bark substrate); A2: substrate RKS II + TC (hydro-absorbent TerraCottem); A3: sand + TC; A4: bark substrate + TC. Shaded: B1: substrate RKS II (peat-bark substrate); B2: substrate RKS II + TC (hydro-absorbent TerraCottem); B3: sand + TC; B4: bark substrate + TC. Control – plants were grown on open land and planted in the conventional nursery manner on an open site. Studied parameters: Morphological characters of the plants were measured on all leaves of the 9 representative plant sample at the end of vegetation. We monitored the leaf properties, number of leaves, leaf area, total leaf area and the length and width of the leaf blade. We calculated the average leaf size, size category and the length/width ratio of the leaf. We also explored the specifi c leaf area (SLA).

The effect of some cultivation conditions on properties of leaves of the container-produced species Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn