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DUMBROVSKÝ, M., KAMENÍČKOVÁ, I., PODHRÁZSKÁ, J., PAVLÍK, F. SOBOTKOVÁ, V.: Evaluation of soil conservation technologies from the perspective of selected physical soil properties and infi ltration capacity of the soil. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 1, pp. 37–48 This paper evaluates diff erent technologies of soil cultivation (conventional and minimization) in terms of physical properties and water regime of soils, where infi ltration of surface water is a major component of subsurface water. Soil physical properties (the current humidity, reduced bulk density, porosity, water retention capacity of soil, pore distribution and soil aeration) is determined from soil samples taken from the organic horizon according to standard methodology. To observe the infi ltration characteristics of surface layers of topsoil, the drench method (double ring infi ltrometers) was used. For the evaluation of fi eld measurements of infi ltration, empirical and physically derived equations by Kostiakov and Philip and the three-parameter Philip-type equation were used. The Philip three-parameter equation provides physical based parameters near the theoretical values, a good estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity Ks and sorptivity C1. The parameter S of Philip’s equation describes the real value of the sorptivity of the soil. Experimental research work on the experimental plots H. Meziříčko proceeded in the years 2005–2008. infi ltration capacity, minimization tillage, conventional tillage, soil erosion, hydraulic conductivity Soil belongs among the irrecoverable natural treasures of our country and is a characteristic component of the landscape. Fertility, which is infl uenced by many factors (soil processing technologies, cropplant stands establishment), is an important characteristic of soil. The preservation of soil fertility and its ecological functions should always be the concern of the soil management (Hůla, 1997). Methods of soil processing infl uence the soil resistance to water and wind erosion. Currently, more than a half of the area of the topsoil in the Czech Republic is potentially endangered by water erosion and nearly 10 % of the topsoil is endangered by wind erosion (Janeček et al., 2002). The increasing erosion of soil is a global problem with high economical and environmental impact. The infi ltration capacity is an important factor within the soil protection against water erosion. When the infi ltration capacity of the surface layers of the soil is low, the required water infi ltration doesn’t happen and surface drain and related negative phenomena take place. The proper infi ltration capacity of the soil infl uences a wide range of soil parameters, hydro-physical soil properties, and chemical and biological soil properties. By soil processing, the size and distribution of pores is changed and a suitable environment for the movement of water and air is created (Leij, 2002). The change of transportation characteristics of the system depends on the macropores and the spatial heterogeneity of the soil environment. The intensity of soil processing is then refl ected in the orientation of the pore structure. 38 M. Dumbrovský, I. Kameníčková, J. Podhrázská, F. Pavlík, V. Sobotková When soil is processed in a conventional way, a homogeneous layer with horizontal structure of the pores originates; when it is processed by the minimization, a vertical structure of the pores (earthworms, fi ssures) originates. The minimization soil processing off ers an increase of the conductivi ty and infi ltration capacity, the reduction of surface drain and the erosion risk. Conservative technology can reduce the surface drain and increase the infi ltration (Schipitalo et al., 2000). MATERIALS AND METHODS Description of the Experimental Area The experimental areas are situated in the cadastre of Horní Meziříčko, Jindřichův Hradec district, near the Jilem-Strmilov road. From the geological point of view, it belongs to the area of the Mrákotín Highlands. The terrain is hilly with large diff erences in altitude. The elevation of the plots is 645 m above the sea-level. The western part of the monitored area is situated in the basin of Nežárka; the eastern part in the basin of the river Dyje. The drainage network is composed of a number of small streamlets that run through terrain depressions from west to east and, gradually, leave the area of interest. For the characterization of climatic conditions of the location, the data related to the closest weather station – Telč (527 m a. s. l.) – were used. It is a slightly cool area where the average year temperature is around 6.5 °C and the average year precipitation amount is 617 mm (The Climate of Czechoslovakia – charts, Hydrometeorological Institue Prague 1960). Both experimental areas are situated close to each other; they are slightly steep with southern exposure. The layout of soil profi le: • 0–30 cm: Ap – topsoil horizon created by ploughing and common cultivation, • 30–40 cm: B – transitional horizon, • 40 cm and more: C–parent material. On the soil forming substrate of paragneisses, the dystric cambisol emerged through weathering. The depth of the soil is limited by strong skeletal soil. The structure of the soil is indistinctive, the humus content reaches 1.5 %. Basic soil type: light soil – loamy sand. The Stagra Studená Company processes the soil by minimization since 1992. It uses the HORSCH SE3 No-Till Seed Drills, whose function is based on a shallow cutting of the top layer of the soil up to the depth of 150 mm with simultaneous printed sowing. The cutter creates a base for the seed which is then covered by the soil and post-harvest remains. The ploughs are not used for soil preparation. The private farmer Mr. Matoušek uses a conventional method of farming, based on a yearly ploughing with ploughs to the depth of 300 mm with subsequent operations aimed to prepare the land for sowing. Since 2005, the lands were seeded alternatively with winter and spring crops. In the conventional way of soil processing: fi eld pea (Pisum sativum L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rapeseed (Brassica napus L.); using the minimalization way of soil processing: fi eld pea (Pisum sativum L.), Triticale, corn (Zea mays L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). With regard to the diff erent composition of cultivated crops, the results of the examination of infi ltration characteristics of the soil processed by diff erent technologies were mainly compared from the point of view of agrotechnical operations (winter and spring crops) at the same time and under the same conditions, but also for particular crops cultivated within the particu lar year. Physical Characteristics of the Soil Each experimental area was characterized by a borrow pit near the drench infi ltration experiments, from which disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken (KV with a uniform volume of 100 cm3) from the plough layer (10, 20, 30 cm) in three repetitions. In the pedology laboratory of the Institute of Landscape Water Management of the Faculty of Civil Engineering at the University of Technology in Brno, the physical properties of the soil (the current humidity, reduced bulk density, porosity, water retention capacity, presentation of individual pores and aeration) were evaluated according to the standard methodology, i.e. by a basic analysis of intact soil samples, which was completed by pycnometric determination of density (Jandák, 2003). In the monitored period 2005–2008, the taking of soil samples was performed at the same time as monitoring of the infi ltration capacity of the soil on experimental areas. Drench infi ltration The drench infi ltration experiments using the double-cylinder method were carried out repeatedly on experimental areas. Four sets of infi ltration cylinders were used, with inner diameters of: 25.4, 26.3, 35.7 and 35.8 cm. Outer cylinder diameters: 35.2, 35.7, 51.37 and 52 cm. From 2005 to 2008, 10 sets of measurements were carried out. In 2005, two measurements were performed in June and one in August. In 2006, two measurements were performed in April and two in August. In 2007, two sets of measurements were performed in April and June and one in October. In 2008, two measurements were performed in each month of April, June and August. Methodology of Measurement: two concentric steel cylinders were placed on the surface with cut vegetation cover and were pushed uniformly into the depth of ca. 15 cm. The surface joints by the cylin der walls were caulked by the soil. The inner cylinder was provided by a level check spire; its bottom was covered with a protective board preventing the surface from dri ing in the point of the inEvaluation of soil conservation technologies from the perspective of selected hydro-physical soil properties 39 fusion of water doses. The cumulative infi ltration it, depending on the time t was monitored in the inner cylinder; the infi ltration of water from the outer cylin der ensured the verticality of the stream lines in the inner cylinder. During the experiment, the same minimum water level, overpressure minimalization (1–3 cm), was maintained in both cylinders. The measurements were performed by adding a known amount of water (1 lt) over the reference level stabilized by the measurement spire (1 or 1.5 cm). The time of adding the dose of water was recorded. The particular experiments were terminated when a constant rate of infi ltration was reached. In the case of cylinders with slow infi ltration speed, the experiments were limited by time, each lasting a minimum two hours. Before the infi ltration started, samples had been taken to evaluate the current humidity which infl uences the infi ltration process at the beginning. Algebraic infi ltration equations, both empiric and physically derived, were used for the evaluation (Kutílek et al., 1994). The equations of the above mentioned autho

Evaluation of soil conservation technologies from the perspective of selected physical soil properties and infiltration capacity of the soil