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VARGA, L., LOŽEK, O., DUCSAY, L., KOVACIK, P., LOSAK, T., HLUSEK, J.: Eff ect of topdressing with nitrogen and boron on the yield and quality of rapeseed. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2010, LVIII, No. 5, pp. 391–398 Field trials with winter rape (Brassica napus L. var. napus) variety Rasmus were established in August in the years 2002–2004 at the experimental station in Koliňany which belongs to the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. In the experiments we explore the eff ect of supplementary spring topdressing of rape with nitrogen and boron in the BBCH 29–30 stage with regard to the yields of seeds and their qualitative parameters (TSW, content of oil and crude protein). In the experiment we applied DAM–390 (solution of ammonium nitrate and urea, 30% N) at a rate of 30 kg N/ha and Humix Bor (humic acids + N, K, B) at a rate of 0.240 kg B / ha. The diff erent climate conditions in the respective years had a signifi cant eff ect on yields of rapeseed and ranged as follows: 2003: 1.80–2.29 t / ha; 2004: 2.60–3.35 t / ha; 2005: 2.45–3.29 t / ha. The signifi cant decrease in seed yields in the fi rst year of the experiment was caused namely by the defi cit in precipitation in January, February and June 2003 and high temperatures in May and June in the same year. In terms of the individual years and the threeyear average the application of Humix Bor itself did not signifi cantly improve the yield and qualitative parameters of seeds compared to the unfertilised control. In a three-year average the application of the N fertiliser alone or in combination with Humix Bor increased seed yields and the crude protein content by 22.4–30.7 % and 4.0–4.9 rel. %, respectively, compared to the unfertilised control. The signifi cantly highest seed yields (2.98 t / ha) were achieved when the plants were treated with a combination of nitrogen and Humix Bor as compared to all the other treatments (2.28–2.79 t / ha). The oil content in seeds increased signifi cantly to 44.1% only when treated with a combined application of DAM–390 and Humix Bor as against the unfertilised control (42.8%). Fertilisation did not change the TSW which ranged only between 4.47 and 4.67 g. rapeseed, topdressing, nitrogen, boron, seed yield, TSW, oil, crude protein In recent years rapeseed has become the most important oil-seed plant in Slovakia. Processing its seeds is of determining signifi cance for the food and chemical industry. It is linked with the processing of rapeseed oil for human consumption, as well as for technical purposes and for the production of biooils and bio-fuels (Rathke et al., 2006). With regard to its high nutrition requirements, rapeseed ranks among the most demanding agricultural crops. The results of many scientifi c works as well as practical knowledge have confi rmed that the optimal supply of biogenic elements for crops, especially with regard to nitrogen in plant nutrition (Sidlauskas and Tarakanovas, 2004; Rathke et al., 2005; Balik et al., 2006; Losak, 2001, 2003), as well as boron (Wang et al., 1999), is the most determining factor for the quality and amount of the rape seeds. Boron is an important nutrient for other oil plants as well (Losak et al., 2004). Rape crops are o en cultivated on soils low in B (strongly weathered soils, coarse textured soils, shallow soils, thin soils over calcareous soils, volcanic ash soils) or where plant availability of boron is reduced, for example as a consequence of high soil 392 L. Varga, O. Ložek, L. Ducsay, P. Kovacik, T. Losak, J. Hlusek pH, liming and/or drought periods during growth. For this reason boron defi ciency in rape crops is monitored on a worldwide basis (Shorrocks, 1997). In plants, boron plays an important role especially in the formation of meristems, processes of pollination and, thus, formation of seed yields. Boron is also important for the phloem transport of sucrose. Marschner (2002) demonstrated that it is also necessary for processes of synthesis of cell walls and cytokines and for lignifi cation. It is also necessary for synthesis of nucleic acids, for incorporation of N into RNA synthesis and for proteosynthesis (Mengel and Kirkby, 2001). Chakraborty and Das (2000) found out that, in interaction with sulphur, boron increased the content of oil in seeds. Symptoms of B defi ciency on rapeseed plants did not appear until the upper parts of the plants formed pods, with seed development limited to those pods located on the lower parts of the plant. Also, B defi ciency delayed maturity and kept the plants in an indeterminate stage of growth with fl owers forming up to the time of the fi rst killing frost. Similarly, Bdefi cient canola appeared normal in early growth stages, showed red margins and/or intervenal mottling at bloom stage and had a reduced seed set (Nyborg and Hoyt, 1970). Nowadays the attention focused on exploiting the stimulating eff ects of humates in nutrition of agricultural plants has grown not only in research works, but also in agricultural practice (Ložek et al. 2001). The sorption capacity and mainly the ion-exchange capacity of humus substances have a crucial eff ect not only on the elution of nutrients from soil but also on the self-purifying function of soil if it is contaminated by xenobiotic pollutants, formation of organo–mineral complexes of soil aggregates and many other factors that are important for potential soil fertility (Kolař et al., 2008). Humates are harmless compounds from the toxicological point of view and with regard to their composition they are environmentally-friendly. Humates, e.g. calcium, sodium, ammonium, etc., have stimulating, adsorption and protection traits and thus it is suitable to apply them together with plant nutrition and plant protection means (Vrba, 1987; Ložek et al. 2001). The focus of this study is on the infl uence of productive fertilising of rapeseed with nitrogen and boron applied in phase BBCH (29–30) on seed yields and qualitative parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fi eld study including nutrition experiments was carried out in late August between 2002 and 2004 in Koliňany at the experimental station of the University’s agricultural enterprise in Nitra with the rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. napus.) variety Rasmus on loamy brown soil in 4 repetitions; the size of the experimental plots was 90 m2 and the sowing rate was 60,000 germinating seeds. Agrochemical characteristics of the soil before laying out the experiments are shown in Table I. The characteristics of weather conditions in 2002–2005 are presented as follows: precipitation (% of the long-term average) in Table II and temperatures (deviations from the long– term average) in Table III (Kožnarova and Klabzuba, 2002). The infl uence of topdressing of rapeseed with nitrogen and boron applied in phase BBCH (29–30) on the yield of the seeds and qualitative parameters was evaluated. Autumn fertilising was carried out at a rate of 20 kg N . ha−1, 40 kg P . ha−1 and 160 kg K . ha−1 in the form of ammonium-dihydrogenphosphate and potassium chloride every year. Regeneration fertilising was conducted in spring (7 March 2003, 4 March 2004 and 10 March 2005) at a rate of 50 kg N . ha−1 with fertilizer LAD (ammonium nitrate with dolomite). Topdressing of rapeseed with nitrogen and boron was carried out later in March (25 March 2003, 23 March 2004 and 30 March 2005) in phase BBCH (29–30). Fertilisers such as Humix boron (humic acids 3 %, nitrogen 1 %, potassium (K2O) min. 1.8 %, pH value = 7–8, boron 40 000 mg / kg, zinc 290 mg / kg, copper 95 mg / kg, manganese 42 mg / kg, iron 40 mg / kg, density 1.2 g / cm3) and DAM–390 (liquid fertiliser–ammonium nitrate and urea, 30% N, density 1.3 g / cm3) were used. The treatments of the experiment are shown in table IV. The crops were harvested with a combine–harvester. Standard methods were used to analyse the soil and plant material. The infl uence of treatments with fer ti li sers on the yield of the seeds, mechanical and chemical traits of the seeds was assessed a er harvest. The yield parameters were evaluated with statistical methods, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signifi cance of the diff erences between years and treatments with the LSD test ( = 0.05). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Crop nitrogen use effi ciency is related to climate conditions, soil properties and interaction between nutrient elements. Brassica plants also need a high I: Agrochemical characteristics of the soil before the establishment of the experiments to a depth of 0.3 m Soil analysis 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 pH/KCl 6.70 6.62 6.68 Nan (mg/kg) 9.6 8.8 14.5 P Mehlich II (mg/kg) 36.0 35.3 38.5 K Mehlich II (mg/kg) 155.0 172.0 185.0 Content of Cox Tjurin (%) 1.77 1.85 1.89 Eff ect of topdressing with nitrogen and boron on the yield and quality of rapeseed 393 II : A ve ra ge m on th ly p re ci pi ta tio n in 2 00 2– 20 05 (e va lu at io n of st an da rd m on th ly p re ci pi ta tio n ba se d on lo ng -t er m a ve ra ge s i n 19 61 –2 00 1) M o n th L o n gte rm av er ag e 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 p re ci p it at io n in

Effect of topdressing with nitrogen and boron on the yield and quality of rapeseed