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MAKOVSKÝ, J., SPURNÝ, P., MAREŠ, J., HEDBÁVNÝ, J., VÍTEK, T.: Heavy metal pollution of ecosystem within the middle course of the Jihlava River. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2010, LVIII, No. 5, pp. 255–262 The monitoring of the contents of heavy metal pollutants: total Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn in fi sh muscle, water, bottom sediments and zoobenthos was realised in May and July of 2007 on two localities: Vladislav, upstream the Dalešice and Mohelno dam reservoirs (Czech Republic), and Hrubšice downstream them. Samples of fi sh muscle were taken from chub (Leuciscus cephalus), barbel (Barbus barbus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). Water, bottom sediments and zoobenthos samples were taken as representative ones from both localities. The samples were analysed with the apparatus AMA 254, AA-300 and SPECTR AA-30. In water of both sites there was found above-limit (0.1 μg / l) content of mercury (0.99 μg / l Hrubšice, 2 μg / l Vladislav). The bottom sediments in Vladislav were most contaminated by Pb (120.21 mg / kg) and Cr (164.90 mg / kg) and in Hrubšice locality by Ni (90.66 mg / kg). High concentration of Pb (25.84 mg / kg) in Vladislav and of Ni (240.90 mg / kg) and Cr (140.5 mg / kg) in Hrubšice was found in zoobenthos. In the point of view contents of heavy metals in fi sh muscle tissue, statistically signifi cant (p < 0.05) higher content of Hg was found in barbel and chub from Vladislav (0.155 ± 0.012 mg / kg and 0.163 ± 0.064 mg / kg) in comparison with Hrubšice (0.073 ± 0.035 mg / kg and 0.095 ± 0.082 mg / kg) as similarly as the concentration of Cd in chub (0.062 ± 0.140 mg / kg at Vladislav and 0.006 ± 0.002 mg / kg at Hrubšice), whereas the content of Ni in barbel was statistically signifi cantly higher at Hrubšice (0.175 ± 0.042 mg / kg) compared to Vladislav (0.050 ± 0.017 mg / kg). The last signifi cant diff erence was found in Pb concentrations, when fi sh from Hrubšice were more contaminated (concentrations 0.155 ± 0.048 mg / kg in barbel and 0.182 ± 0.110 mg / kg in chub) than the same species from Vladislav (contents 0.050 ± 0.017 mg / kg and 0.064 ± 0.005 mg / kg). In theme of consumption risk of the muscle tissue of fi sh by FAO/WHO, the Hg was limiting factor at both sites. In the locality Vladislav provisional tolerated weekly intake (PTWI) was 1.94 kg in barbel and 1.84 kg in chub. In the Hrubšice it reached 4.12 kg in barbel, 3.15 kg in chub and 5.51 kg in brown trout. barbel (Barbus barbus), chub (Leuciscus cephalus), brown trout (Salmo trutta), metal contamination When assessing the level of heavy metal pollution encountered in aquatic environment, we typi cal ly determine the contents of specifi c residues found in water, bottom sediments, zoobenthos and in the fi sh muscle. The indication procedure relies mostly on fi sh species living at all sections of watercourses and feeding on a broad range of food (omnivorous) – in the Czech Republic it is primarily the chub (Leuciscus cephalus). To eliminate errors possibly caused by diff erent food specializations, diff erent environmental conditions and by the transient physico-chemical parameters of water, a generally accepted practice rests in analysing various fi sh species (Lange et al., 1993; Burger et al. 2002; Sager, 2002). The Jihlava River has already been investigated for the residues of heavy metals gathered in the fi sh muscle and deposited in the environment (Houserová et al., 2006a,b; Peňáz et al., 2005; Spurný et al., 2002; Spurný et al., 2009). Upstream the Dalešice and Mohelno dam reservoirs the river assumes the chara cter of barbel zone almost approaching the bream zone, while downstream them we encounter a ty256 J. Makovský, P. Spurný, J. Mareš, J. Hedbávný, T. Vítek pi cal secondary trout zone. This paper aims to assess the contents of heavy metal residues in the fi sh muscle tissue in the Jihlava River and to compare the contents of such residues found to contaminate the muscle of fi sh living upstream and downstream the Dalešice and Mohelno reservoirs; and to appreciate the consumption safety of fi sh caught by anglers at these sites. We have focused analyses on fi sh muscle tissue as a main part of the fi sh body consumed by the anglers, in which the concentration of mercury (Hg) and methyl mercury is always the highest (Houserová et al., 2006b). Additionally the content of heavy metals in water, bottom sediments and zoo ben thos samples of the Jihlava River was analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was focused on these metals: total mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Samples of the water, fi sh muscle tissue, zooben thos and the bottom sediments to be analysed for their contents of heavy metals were collected during the growing season of 2007 from two sites located within the middle course of the Jihlava River, the fi rst one (Vladislav), downstream the Třebíč town (GPS location: 49°12’49.219”N, 15°55’50.735”E), situated upstream the Dalešice and Mohelno dam reservoirs and the second site (Hrubšice, GPS location: 49°5’34.896”N, 16°17’16.658”E) downstream the reservoirs (Fig. 1). The sites were once sampled, Hrubšice in 25th May and Vladislav in 15th August 2007. Either of the two samples consisted of water, bottom sediments, zoobenthos and fi sh. The water samples were taken from the streamline and stored in 1.5 l polyethylene bottles. The sedi ment samples were taken as to represent the entire cross-section of the stream and they were put to 1: Sampling sites location Heavy metal pollution of ecosystem within the middle course of the Jihlava River 257 polyethylene bags. The zoobenthos samples were taken from the entire cross-section of the stream using the standard hydrobiological methods (EN ISO 27828) and put to plastic sample enclosures fi lled with water. The chub (Leuciscus cephalus), typical omnivorous species populating all fi sh zones existing in rivers, the barbel (Barbus barbus), dominant representative of the fi sh fauna at both sites and the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario), which are most o en caught (and eaten) by the anglers downstream of the above-specifi ed reservoirs, were chosen as the ichthyoindicators. The sampled fi sh were caught using the standard method of electro-fi shing, and the fi sh muscle analyses relied on samples taken from 7 individuals of each species. Fish were put to chill boxes and carried to the laboratory for further processing. Samples of the muscle tissue to be analysed were taken individually from the le dorsal part of fi sh body (without skin). To determine the age of fi sh by the scale-metric method, 5 to 10 scales were taken from each specimen. All samples were immediately frozen and kept at temperature −18 °C. Analyses of the contents of heavy metals were realized in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (Mendel university in Brno). The content of total Hg was analysed by the direct method, using the AMA 254 device (Altec, Prague) with a detection limit of Hg 0.001 μg / kg, more detailed described in Houserová et al. (2006a). The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni & Pb were analysed a er a wet way mineralising of the samples in the microwave oven ETHOS SEL (Milestone) by the fl ame AAS method, using the SPECTR AA-30 (detection limits: Cd 0.005 μg / kg, Pb 0.100 μg / kg, Cr 0.020 μg / kg, Ni 0.080 μg / kg) and AA-300 devices (detection limits: Cu 2.0 μg / kg, Zn 10.0 μg / kg). The analyses were performed with reliance on the NIST 1570a, BCR 414, NCR and DORM-2 standards (more detailed in Spurný et al., 2002). The obtained data were entered into Microso Excel spreadsheets to be statistically evaluated using the Unistat 5.1 program. The ANOVA with post–hoc Tukey HSD test was performed (P < 0.05). The outputs were compared with EU regulation 221/2002/EC, Government Order no. 229/2007 Coll. and decree of Ministry of Health of Czech Republic No. 305/2004 Coll. and, moreover, with the limit of fi sh muscle consumption using WHO method (technical report series No. 837). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Resulted contents of heavy metals in the water, bottom sediment and zoobenthos of the Jihlava River are presented in Table I. Having compared the limit values specifi ed in the applicable legislation (EU regulation 221/2002/EC, Government of Czech Republic Decree 229/2007 Coll.), we found the above-limit content of mercury in the water (maximal permissible concentration 0.1 μg / l). The content at Vladislav (2.00 μg / l) was twice higher compared to Hrubšice (0.99 μg / l) and almost twice higher than value reported from the Vladislav site by Spurný et al. (2002), while at Hrubšice the Hg concentration was almost twice lower compared to the research realized by Spurný et al. (2009) in the similar site. Concentrations of all analysed metals in bottom sediments were higher at Vladislav than at Hrubšice, except the amount of Ni, which was almost three times higher at Hrubšice. In comparison with Spurný et al. (2009) the content of Zn (53.93 mg / kg) and Cr (64.50 mg / kg) was markedly higher at Hrubšice (the authors reported the content of Zn 13.60 and Cr 18.99 mg / kg in wet matter in years 2001–2002). The contents of remaining metals were similar. Spurný et al. (2002) found similar content of Hg, Cd, Cu and Zn in sediment at Vladislav, the content of Pb (18.03 mg / kg) was seven times lower, Cr (15.44 mg / kg) ten times lower and Ni (6.39 mg / kg) fi ve times lower compared to our sample. Houserová et al. (2006a) reported the concentration of Hg in sediments dry matter from Vladislav as high as 0.05–0.23 mg / kg. Spurný and Mareš (2005) confi rmed similar concentration of Cu (2.60–10.53 mg / kg) and Zn (19.51–74.48 mg / kg), higher concentration of Hg (0.01–0.14 mg / kg) and lower concentrations of Pb (2.80–20.96 mg / kg), Cr (0.74–23.67 mg / kg) and Ni (0.89–20.23 mg / kg) in bottom sediments in the Bečva River. Vítek et al. (2007) found out similar concentrations of Zn (75.10 mg / kg) an