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KOVÁČIK, P., KOZÁNEK, M., TAKÁČ, P., GALLIKOVÁ, M., VARGA, L.: The eff ect of pig manure fermented by larvae of house fl ies on the yield parameters of sunfl owers. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2010, LVIII, No. 2, pp. 147–154 The eff ect of fermented pig manure processed on a bed of wooden shavings and fermented for seven days by larvae of house fl ies on the yield parameters of sunfl owers have been investigated on Haplic Luvisol in the pot trial realized in vegetative cage placed on the territory of SAU in Nitra. The experiment consisted of six treatments (0, NPK, Manure1, Manure2, Manure3, Veget). Treatments 0, NPK, and Veget were compared with the treatments Manure1, Manure2, and Manure3, i.e. with fermented manure applied at doses of 4, 6, and 8 t . ha−1. The results showed that application of fermented manure resulted in statistically signifi cant greater stem thickness, higher leaf chlorophyll content, composites and harvest yield of seeds. The plants appeared healthy. Increasing the doses of fermented manure resulted in greater harvest yield of achenes and fat content in them. The dose of 4 t . ha−1 of fermented manure has proven to be insuffi cient. Out of the tested doses of 4, 6 and 8 t . ha−1 of fermented manure the highest achene yield has been achieved at the dose of 8 t . ha−1 but it was lower than the yield of the treatments fertilized by NPK fertilizers or Veget. From the viewpoint of achene yield quality (fat content) out of six variants the best parameters were achieved with the treatment where fermented manure at the dose of 8 t . ha−1 was applied. The gathered data point towards the applicability and usefulness of manure processed by larvae of fl ies in agronomy. It is of note, that the manure fermentation period can be signifi cantly shortened, whereby reducing the storage diffi culties. pig manure, fermentation, larvae, domestic fl y, sunfl owers, fat, chlorophyll Application of high-quality manure has positive infl uence on biological, chemical and physical parameters of soil (Marschner, 2005). It is the source of nutrients and organic substances such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids which are essential for fermentation of humus. Annually, it substitutes for about 40% of mineralized organic substance in the soil. Manure increases the buff ering and absorbing ca paci ty of soil. It provides nutrients and growth stimulators such as hippuric acid, uric acid, indolylacetic acid and gonadotropic hormones. Manure also infl uence formation of soil aggregates. Furthermore, it has a positive eff ect on the circulation of air and water in the soil and also eff ects the thermal regulation. It works against the fatigue of the soil and its application facilitates the decomposition of postharvest remnants that can be a source of pathogens (Kováčik, 2009). Manure limits the entry of heavy metals into the food chain (Zaniewicz-Bajkowska et al., 2007), revives the soil biologically (Zaller and Köpke, 2004), mobilizes compounds of nutrients that are diffi cult to dilute and limits the entry of insoluble compounds of macrobiogenic elements. In 148 P. Kováčik, M. Kozánek, P. Takáč, M. Galliková, L. Varga addition, it plays a role in facilitating the biodegradation of various wastes (Římovský et al., 1998) and impurities e.g. oil products. In this way manure enhances the absorbing capacity of plants and crops with regards to the nutrients (Lacko-Bartošová et al., 2005). Application of industrial manures of poor quality, wrong timing, dosage or wrong manipulation with them can threaten the environment and affect the quality and yield of harvests (Kiepas-Kokot et al., 2005). Despite the above mentioned positive eff ect of natural manures on soil, the eff ect of its storage (fermentation) on the quality thereof are paid less attention in Slovakia than in the neighboring countries. In eff ort to resolve this issue and to shorten the stora ge time i.e. fermentation of stall manure, which typically takes about six months to accomplish if the bed is formed by wooden shavings, was investigated the eff ect of pig manure produced on a bed of wooden shavings, fermented for seven days by larvae of house fl y on the production and quality of phytomass of sunfl owers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pot experiment was conducted in a vegetation cage situated in the area of the Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra (48°18’ N, 18°05’ E). Experimental pots were fi lled with 23.5 kg of modal brownsoil (Haplic Luvisols), agrochemical characteristics of which are given in Table I and the methods of their determination are added under Table I. Agrochemical and hygienic-toxicological parameters of used fermented manure are presented in Table II. From the table is evident that heavy metal contents answer the law criteria determining the quality of manure (Code of Laws No. 577/2005, p. 232). The tested manure was obtained by seeding eggs of house fl y into fresh pig manure on a bed of wooden shavings. The hatched larvae processed the manure for seven days and pupated. The pupae were collected; the manure was dried and milled. The color, size of individual parts and water content of the processed manure can be compared to that of black tea. It was loose and of brownish colour. Detailed description of the process is not included here for patenting purposes; however, Slamečka (1988) has published similar techniques of breeding domestic fl ies and the process of obtaining pupae. The experiment had six treatments with fi ve repe ti tions (Tab. III). It was based on the method of randomized blocks. Approximately midway through the vegetation season was the fi h repeThe basic agrochemical parameters of materials used in the experiment (dry matter) I: Material N-NH4 + N-NO3 − Nan P K Ca Mg S Nt pHKCl pHH2O Cox EC C:N [mg.kg−1] [%] [mS.cm−1] Soil 14.4 2.6 17.0 55 335 2 000 325 12.5 2 403 5.49 6.17 2.57 0.96 10.7:1 Manure 925 430 1 353 8 900 16 600 5 800 6 050 6 262 24 465 7.09 7.85 39.62 46.00 16.2:1 Veget 3 500 490 3 990 13 068 14 691 34 562 7.70 8.00 N-NH4 + – (colorimetrically, Nessler agent); N-NO3 − – (colorimetrically, phenol acid – 2,4 disulphonic); Nan – counted as a sum N-NH4 + + N-NO3 −; P – (colorimetrically, Mehlich II), K – (fl ame photometry, Mehlich II); Mg – (atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Mehlich II), S – (nephelometry ammonium acetate), Nt – Kjeldahl, pHKCL – (1,0 M KCl), pHH2Ol – (H2O), Cox – (as oxidizable carbon – Tjurin), EC – electric conductivity Comparison of parameters of the tested fertilizer with standards required by law (Code of Laws No 577/2005) II: Parameters Values declared by law No 577/2005 Measured values pH (10 % water suspension) 6.5–8.5 7.85 Dried content min. 40 % 87.8 % Burnable dried content min. 50 % 77.0 % Total nitrogen as a N total in dried content min. 1.0 % 2.45 % Total phosphorus as P2O5 in dried content 0.5 % 3.96 % Total potassium as K2O in dried content 0.5 % 2.11 % Calcium as Ca in dried content 1.0 % 1.91 % Magnesium as Mg in dried content 0.5 % 0.88 % Elements under 20,0 mm 100.0 % 100.0 % Cd in 100 % of dry matter 2 mg.kg−1 0.725 mg.kg−1 As in 100 % of dry matter 10 mg.kg−1 0.57–1.13 mg.kg−1 Hg in 100 % of dry matter 1 mg.kg−1 0.09–0.036 mg.kg−1 Cr in 100 % of dry matter 100 mg.kg−1 54.09 mg.kg−1 Ni in 100 % of dry matter 50 mg.kg−1 12.66 mg.kg−1 Pb in 100 % of dry matter 100 mg.kg−1 5.20–10.54 mg.kg−1 The eff ect of pig manure fermented by larvae of house fl ies on the yield parameters of sunfl owers 149 tition used for collection of crop and soil samples and from there the experiments had four repetitions. Treatments 1, 2, and 6 were used for comparisons of effi ciency of the fermented manure. In treatment 1, no manures were used. In treatment 2, we used NPK fer ti li zers and the doses were calculated based on the contents of Nan and the available P and K in the soil and the need for a planned harvest of 3.5 t . ha−1 of sunfl owers. Biomanure Veget was applied in treatment 6 for control since this manure was awarded the Golden Crescent Prize of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture. Veget was produced from pharmaceutical wastes in Biotika company in Slovenská Ľupča. Treatments 3, 4, and 5 were aimed to test the gradual increase in dose of fermented pig manure. Fermented pig manure at a dose of 6 t . ha−1 (treat. 4) carried the same amount of N as Veget at a dose of 4.3 t . ha−1 (treat. 6), however, the contents of inorganic nitrogen diff ered for the two (Tab. III). The dose of 8 t . ha−1 of manure (treat. 5) represented the maximal allowed nitrogen dosage (170 kg . ha−1) according to the nitrate regulations established by the government. This legislative rule determined that higher rates of fermented manure were not tested. The model crop was chosen to be sunfl ower, varie ty PR 63 A 90. Seven seeds were seeded per planter and were subsequently covered with sterile sand (1.5 kg). Thus, each planter weighted 25 kg. The avera ge number of plants was unifi ed to 4 plants per planter. Soil humidity was maintained at 60% FWC (full water capacity) by watering with distilled water on regular basis (on average one-two times per day). During growing season, was measured the height of plants, stem circumference, whole chlorophyll content by Šesták and Čatský (1966) method and weight of the above ground phytomass. The health of the vegetation and the time to bloom were assessed as well. On 130th day from sowing the plants were collected and assessed for diameter of fl ower composites, achene yield and their fat content by Soxlet method. Acquired results were processed by mathematical and statistical method, by analysis of variance and linear regression analysis using Statgraphics PC program, version 5.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Utilization of pig manure fermented by larvae of house fl y, as well as Veget and NPK demonstrated a statistically signifi cant eff ect on the production of above-ground phytomass of sunfl owers (Tab. IV). Durin

The effect of pig manure fermented by larvae of house flies on the yield parameters of sunflowers (Helianthus annus L.)